論過失相抵規(guī)則在未成年人受侵害案件中的適用
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-03 13:02
【摘要】：過失相抵,是賠償權(quán)利人對損害的發(fā)生或者擴大具有過失,根據(jù)其過錯程度對賠償義務(wù)人的損害賠償責任依法減輕或者免除的一種制度。過失相抵制度旨在公平正義的理念下平衡侵權(quán)人和受害人的利益。該制度理論精深,實際運用復雜,特別是在未成年人受侵害案件中,受害人的特殊性對該制度的適用提出了更高的要求。但是我國目前在過失相抵規(guī)則的立法和司法實踐方面存在的問題頗多,《民法通則》和《侵權(quán)責任法》均未對未成年人受侵害時侵權(quán)人和監(jiān)護人的責任承擔問題做出明確規(guī)定,立法的不完善造成了司法實踐中做法的不統(tǒng)一。本文試圖從我國過失相抵規(guī)則在未成年人受侵害案件的適用過程中存在的問題入手,通過理論研究、比較法的研究、案例研究得出關(guān)于該制度更為合理的理論,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對我國過失相抵規(guī)則在未成年人受侵害案件中的適用提出完善建議。除引言和結(jié)語之外,本文共分為五部分。第一部分在對過失相抵的概念進行介紹后,提出我國司法實踐中過失相抵規(guī)則在未成年人受侵害案件的適用過程中存在的問題,主要有以下兩方面:未成年人自身的過失相抵能力及適用問題和監(jiān)護人的過失及適用問題。第二部分對未成年受害人適用過失相抵規(guī)則的基本理論進行了探討,主要包括過失相抵規(guī)則的法理基礎(chǔ)和適用范圍兩方面,在對多種學說進行綜合分析介紹后,筆者認為過失相抵規(guī)則的法理基礎(chǔ)為民法的公平原則和侵權(quán)法的責任自負原則,在適用范圍方面應(yīng)對過失相抵規(guī)則在無過錯責任領(lǐng)域和未成年受害人范圍的適用做出限制。第三部分對未成年人的過失相抵能力進行探討,從理論說明、國外規(guī)定和我國司法實踐的做法三個方面分析,認為應(yīng)承認未成年人自身的過失相抵能力,將過失相抵能力與民事行為能力制度相統(tǒng)一。第四部分對監(jiān)護人過失的適用問題進行探討,亦從理論說明、國外規(guī)定和我國司法實踐的做法三個方面進行分析,認為監(jiān)護人的過失不應(yīng)該由未成年受害人承擔不利后果,不應(yīng)以監(jiān)護人過失為由適用過失相抵。第五部分針對過失相抵規(guī)則在未成年人受侵害案件適用中的不足,為更加完善的未成年人救濟機制提出自己的建議。主要包括以下三個方面:一是完善過失相抵規(guī)則的理論基礎(chǔ),將過失相抵能力納入過失相抵規(guī)則的構(gòu)成要件中,以具體的生活標準為劃分基礎(chǔ)明確規(guī)定未成年受害人的過失相抵能力;二是監(jiān)護人過失的相關(guān)規(guī)定,在未成年人作為受害人的情況下,應(yīng)明確規(guī)定不得以監(jiān)護人的過失為由適用過失相抵規(guī)則;三是建立和完善多元化的受害人救濟機制,主要是完善保險制度在保護未成年人的利益方面的作用。
[Abstract]:Fault offset is a system in which the obligee of the right of compensation is negligent to the occurrence or expansion of the damage and mitigates or absolves the liability of the indemnification obligor according to the degree of his fault. Fault offset system aims to balance the interests of infringers and victims under the concept of fairness and justice. The theory of the system is profound and the practical application is complicated. Especially in the case of minors being infringed, the particularity of the victim puts forward higher requirements for the application of the system. However, there are many problems in the legislation and judicial practice of fault offset rule in our country at present. Neither the General principles of Civil Law nor the Tort liability Law clearly stipulates the responsibility of the infringer and guardian when the minor is infringed. The imperfect legislation leads to the inconsistency of the judicial practice. This paper attempts to start with the problems existing in the application of the fault offset rule in the case of minor infringement in China. Through theoretical research, comparative law research, case study, the author draws a more reasonable theory about the system. On this basis, the author puts forward some suggestions on the application of fault offset rule in minor infringement cases. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into five parts. The first part, after introducing the concept of fault offset, puts forward the problems existing in the application of fault offset rule in the case of minor infringement in our country's judicial practice. There are two main aspects: the minor's own fault offset ability and the application problem and the guardian's fault and the application question. The second part discusses the basic theory of applying fault offset rules to minor victims, mainly including the legal basis and scope of application of fault offset rules. After comprehensive analysis and introduction of various theories, The author holds that the legal basis of the rule of fault offset is the principle of fairness in civil law and the principle of liability conceit in tort law. In terms of application scope, the application of fault offset rule in the field of no-fault liability and the scope of minor victims should be restricted. In the third part, the author discusses the offsetting capacity of minors, and analyzes it from three aspects: theoretical explanation, foreign regulations and judicial practice in our country, and holds that the juvenile's own offenses offsetting capacity should be recognized. The system of capacity for offending negligence and capacity for civil conduct should be unified. The fourth part discusses the application of guardian's fault, and analyzes it from three aspects of theory, foreign regulations and judicial practice of our country. The author thinks that the guardian's fault should not bear the adverse consequences by the minor victim. No fault shall be applied on the grounds of the fault of the guardian. The fifth part aims at the deficiency of fault offset rule in the case of minor infringement, and puts forward some suggestions for a more perfect relief mechanism for minors. It mainly includes the following three aspects: first, perfect the theoretical basis of the fault offset rule, and bring the fault offset capacity into the constitutive elements of the fault offset rule. On the basis of specific standard of living, the offending capacity of the minor victim is clearly defined; Second, the relevant provisions of guardian fault, in the case of minors as victims, it should be clearly stipulated that the guardian's fault should not be applied on the grounds of fault offset rule; Third, the establishment and improvement of diversified victim relief mechanism, mainly to improve the role of insurance system in the protection of the interests of minors.
【學位授予單位】：西南政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D923
本文編號：2307863
[Abstract]:Fault offset is a system in which the obligee of the right of compensation is negligent to the occurrence or expansion of the damage and mitigates or absolves the liability of the indemnification obligor according to the degree of his fault. Fault offset system aims to balance the interests of infringers and victims under the concept of fairness and justice. The theory of the system is profound and the practical application is complicated. Especially in the case of minors being infringed, the particularity of the victim puts forward higher requirements for the application of the system. However, there are many problems in the legislation and judicial practice of fault offset rule in our country at present. Neither the General principles of Civil Law nor the Tort liability Law clearly stipulates the responsibility of the infringer and guardian when the minor is infringed. The imperfect legislation leads to the inconsistency of the judicial practice. This paper attempts to start with the problems existing in the application of the fault offset rule in the case of minor infringement in China. Through theoretical research, comparative law research, case study, the author draws a more reasonable theory about the system. On this basis, the author puts forward some suggestions on the application of fault offset rule in minor infringement cases. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into five parts. The first part, after introducing the concept of fault offset, puts forward the problems existing in the application of fault offset rule in the case of minor infringement in our country's judicial practice. There are two main aspects: the minor's own fault offset ability and the application problem and the guardian's fault and the application question. The second part discusses the basic theory of applying fault offset rules to minor victims, mainly including the legal basis and scope of application of fault offset rules. After comprehensive analysis and introduction of various theories, The author holds that the legal basis of the rule of fault offset is the principle of fairness in civil law and the principle of liability conceit in tort law. In terms of application scope, the application of fault offset rule in the field of no-fault liability and the scope of minor victims should be restricted. In the third part, the author discusses the offsetting capacity of minors, and analyzes it from three aspects: theoretical explanation, foreign regulations and judicial practice in our country, and holds that the juvenile's own offenses offsetting capacity should be recognized. The system of capacity for offending negligence and capacity for civil conduct should be unified. The fourth part discusses the application of guardian's fault, and analyzes it from three aspects of theory, foreign regulations and judicial practice of our country. The author thinks that the guardian's fault should not bear the adverse consequences by the minor victim. No fault shall be applied on the grounds of the fault of the guardian. The fifth part aims at the deficiency of fault offset rule in the case of minor infringement, and puts forward some suggestions for a more perfect relief mechanism for minors. It mainly includes the following three aspects: first, perfect the theoretical basis of the fault offset rule, and bring the fault offset capacity into the constitutive elements of the fault offset rule. On the basis of specific standard of living, the offending capacity of the minor victim is clearly defined; Second, the relevant provisions of guardian fault, in the case of minors as victims, it should be clearly stipulated that the guardian's fault should not be applied on the grounds of fault offset rule; Third, the establishment and improvement of diversified victim relief mechanism, mainly to improve the role of insurance system in the protection of the interests of minors.
【學位授予單位】：西南政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D923
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