本文選題：城市公共交通 + 經(jīng)濟(jì)法�。� 參考：《安徽大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：隨著我國(guó)城市建設(shè)的快速發(fā)展和群眾生活水平的不斷提高,人們對(duì)又好又快出行的愿望愈加強(qiáng)烈。但日益擁堵的道路和不斷惡化的環(huán)境卻表明了我國(guó)城市交通目前所處的困境。這一困境不僅制約了城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,也大大降低了人們對(duì)所居住城市的幸福感。因此,出行質(zhì)量和效率的高低已經(jīng)成為檢驗(yàn)我國(guó)政府公共服務(wù)水平和公民權(quán)利受保障程度的重要指標(biāo)。而在當(dāng)前解決城市人口出行問(wèn)題的諸多對(duì)策中,城市公共交通具有不可替代的重要作用。 城市公共交通是關(guān)系國(guó)計(jì)民生的特殊行業(yè),具有自然壟斷性和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)性,市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)特,行業(yè)特征顯著,屬于準(zhǔn)公共產(chǎn)品和公共服務(wù)的范疇。正是建立在對(duì)城市公共交通經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析和公益性目標(biāo)認(rèn)識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上,西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)城市公共交通市場(chǎng)在早期較為普遍地采取了國(guó)家和政府公共壟斷的政策模式,通過(guò)強(qiáng)有力的政府規(guī)制,保護(hù)和促進(jìn)行業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。20世紀(jì)70年代后,盡管世界上很多國(guó)家對(duì)城市公共交通進(jìn)行了以私有化為方向的改革,但效果并不明顯。而以美國(guó)為代表的公共壟斷模式依然在城市公共交通規(guī)制中顯示出強(qiáng)大的生命力。無(wú)論西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家城市公共交通規(guī)制政策有何調(diào)整變化,法制始終引領(lǐng)著城市公共交通改革的每一項(xiàng)進(jìn)程。 我國(guó)城市公共交通起步較晚,由于長(zhǎng)期排斥西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論的運(yùn)用,我國(guó)在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)年代對(duì)城市公共交通所采取的國(guó)家壟斷模式并不是出于對(duì)自然壟斷的認(rèn)識(shí)。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),我國(guó)在逐步對(duì)城市公共交通實(shí)行以市場(chǎng)化為方向改革的同時(shí),還對(duì)國(guó)有公交企業(yè)進(jìn)行了改制。通過(guò)改革,我國(guó)城市公共交通初步形成了以國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)為主導(dǎo),資本多元化的發(fā)展格局,在很大程度上提升了行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)水平,提高了經(jīng)濟(jì)效率,減輕了政府財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)。但在城市公共交通市場(chǎng)化的過(guò)程中,由于我國(guó)相關(guān)立法的嚴(yán)重缺失,改革的同時(shí)也暴露出目標(biāo)不明確,行業(yè)定位不準(zhǔn)確,總體思路不清楚,相關(guān)制度不配套等諸多問(wèn)題,使得改革成效大為降低,并難以顯著提升我國(guó)城市公共交通的整體水平。在這種情況下,我國(guó)城市公共交通必須堅(jiān)持以公益性為目標(biāo),走法治化的政府規(guī)制道路。由于經(jīng)濟(jì)法所具有的社會(huì)本位性和公共利益性,使其理所當(dāng)然地成為城市公共交通規(guī)制法律關(guān)系的調(diào)整工具。 城市公共交通經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)制建設(shè)總的設(shè)想是,建立以經(jīng)濟(jì)法為骨干的法制框架,實(shí)現(xiàn)城市公共交通規(guī)制的法治化。這個(gè)框架體系應(yīng)以憲法為基石,以城市公共交通法為核心,包括產(chǎn)業(yè)政策法、財(cái)稅法等宏觀調(diào)控法,反壟斷法等市場(chǎng)規(guī)制法以及勞動(dòng)法、環(huán)境保護(hù)法、社會(huì)保障法等社會(huì)法為枝干的整體。通過(guò)法制框架的構(gòu)建,樹(shù)立規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)維護(hù)社會(huì)公共利益、確保城市公共交通服務(wù)質(zhì)量、維護(hù)市場(chǎng)有序競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的基本目標(biāo),明確政府干預(yù)、依法規(guī)制、獨(dú)立規(guī)制、適度規(guī)制、以人為本、實(shí)質(zhì)公平、企業(yè)自律與社會(huì)監(jiān)督相結(jié)合等七項(xiàng)基本的規(guī)制原則。在規(guī)制目標(biāo)和規(guī)制原則既定的情況下,選擇符合我國(guó)國(guó)情和行業(yè)特點(diǎn)的規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)是實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)制目標(biāo)的前提。目前我國(guó)各地城市公共交通的規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)尚存在規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)不統(tǒng)一、規(guī)制職能不清晰的問(wèn)題。在考慮城市公共交通自身因素和我國(guó)國(guó)家政權(quán)組織形式的基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)在中央、省(包括直轄市、自治區(qū))、地級(jí)市統(tǒng)一設(shè)置城市公共交通管理機(jī)構(gòu),這些機(jī)構(gòu)上下級(jí)之間是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和被領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的關(guān)系,不同層級(jí)的規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)在基本職能上應(yīng)該實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一,包括對(duì)規(guī)劃、投資、建設(shè)、質(zhì)量、環(huán)境保護(hù)、價(jià)格、準(zhǔn)入上的全面監(jiān)管。但在統(tǒng)一設(shè)置的同時(shí),國(guó)家和地方的規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)在具體職能上應(yīng)有所區(qū)別。法治化的實(shí)現(xiàn)要具體落實(shí)到明確的經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)制法律權(quán)利義務(wù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)制程序,以此明晰權(quán)力、權(quán)利的邊界,權(quán)力、權(quán)利行使、履行的方法步驟,責(zé)任的追究和權(quán)利的救濟(jì),從法治的微觀層面維護(hù)市場(chǎng)的有效競(jìng)爭(zhēng),實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)公共利益。 城市公共交通經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)制建設(shè)還應(yīng)包括以下規(guī)制內(nèi)容：1、城市公共交通準(zhǔn)入經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)制。圍繞保護(hù)城市公共交通自然壟斷地位、遏制城市公共交通市場(chǎng)中的非法壟斷、保護(hù)城市公共交通市場(chǎng)公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的目標(biāo),建立城市公共交通“層級(jí)進(jìn)入機(jī)制”和“進(jìn)入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制”。2、城市公共交通價(jià)格經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)制。明確政府價(jià)格規(guī)制和保障出行的責(zé)任,明確城市公共交通價(jià)格規(guī)制的社會(huì)性價(jià)值目標(biāo),形成多元的城市公共交通定價(jià)機(jī)制和公平、科學(xué)的財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼機(jī)制,并結(jié)合行業(yè)的特點(diǎn)發(fā)揮價(jià)格規(guī)制作用。3、城市公共交通服務(wù)質(zhì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)制。建立統(tǒng)一的城市公共交通服務(wù)質(zhì)量監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu),制定城市公共交通服務(wù)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),嚴(yán)格城市公共交通服務(wù)規(guī)制的相關(guān)責(zé)任。4、城市公共交通社會(huì)責(zé)任經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)制。明確城市公共交通社會(huì)責(zé)任的法律義務(wù),保障公交企業(yè)員工勞動(dòng)福利待遇,多措并舉實(shí)現(xiàn)城市公交的低碳運(yùn)營(yíng),采用親貧規(guī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)普遍服務(wù)。5、城市公共交通國(guó)有資產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)制。城市公共交通國(guó)有資產(chǎn)龐大,承載著重大的社會(huì)責(zé)任,能否對(duì)其實(shí)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)妥保護(hù)關(guān)系到我國(guó)依法治國(guó)、小康社會(huì)和城鄉(xiāng)一體化等多重目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。必須針對(duì)城市公共交通行業(yè)國(guó)有資產(chǎn)保護(hù)規(guī)制的特殊性,由國(guó)務(wù)院和地方人民政府在國(guó)資委之外,另外授權(quán)專(zhuān)門(mén)的規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)代表本級(jí)人民政府對(duì)國(guó)家出資企業(yè)履行出資人職責(zé)。同時(shí)建立城市公共交通國(guó)有資產(chǎn)保護(hù)與限制并重的規(guī)制制度、城市公共交通國(guó)有企業(yè)平等參與市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)制度和城市公共交通國(guó)有企業(yè)改革干預(yù)制度,完善城市公共交通國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)制的救濟(jì)機(jī)制。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of urban construction and the continuous improvement of the living standards of the masses, the desire for good and fast travel has become stronger and stronger. However, the increasingly congested road and the worsening environment have shown the plight of urban traffic in our country. This dilemma not only restricts the sustainable development of the city, but also greatly reduces the people. Therefore, the quality and efficiency of travel has become an important indicator to test the level of public service and the protection of civil rights in our government. In the current solutions to the problem of urban population travel, urban public transport has an irreplaceable and important role.
Urban public transportation is a special industry related to the national economy and the people's livelihood. It has natural monopoly and economies of scale, unique market structure and significant industry characteristics. It is based on the economic analysis of urban public transportation and the understanding of public welfare items in the western developed countries. In the early period, the common traffic market adopted the policy mode of public monopoly of the state and government. Through the strong government regulation, the healthy development of the industry was protected and promoted in the 70s of.20. Although many countries have carried out the reform of the urban public transport in the direction of privatization in the world, the effect is not obvious. The public monopoly model represented by the country still shows strong vitality in the regulation of urban public transport. No matter what the regulation and regulation of urban public transport regulation in western developed countries have changed, the legal system has always led to every process of urban public transport reform.
The urban public transportation in China started late. Because of the long-term exclusion of the western economics theory, the state monopoly model of urban public transport in our planned economy era is not out of the understanding of natural monopoly. Since the reform and opening up, China has gradually carried out the market-oriented reform of the urban public transport in the same direction. In addition, the state-owned public transport enterprises have been reformed. Through the reform, the urban public transport in China has initially formed the development pattern dominated by the state economy and the diversification of capital. It has greatly promoted the competition level of the industry, improved the economic efficiency and alleviated the government's financial and political burden. But in the process of the market of urban public transportation, Due to the serious lack of relevant legislation in China, the reform has also exposed the inaccuracy of the target, the inaccurate position of the industry, the overall thinking, the related system and other problems, which have greatly reduced the effect of the reform, and it is difficult to significantly improve the overall level of urban public transport in China. In this case, the public transport of our cities We must adhere to the goal of public welfare and take the road of government regulation by rule of law. Because of the social standard and public interest of the economic law, it makes it the adjustment tool of the legal relationship of urban public transport regulation.
The general idea of the regulation and construction of urban public transportation economic law is to establish a legal framework with economic law as the backbone to realize the rule of law of urban public transport regulation. This framework should take the constitution as the cornerstone and take the urban public transport law as the core, including the industrial policy law, the financial and tax law, and the anti monopoly law and other market regulation laws. And labor law, environmental protection law, social security law and other social law as a whole. Through the construction of the legal framework, setting up the regulatory bodies to maintain social and public interests, ensuring the quality of urban public transport services, maintaining the basic goal of orderly competition in the market, clear government intervention, regulation by law, independent regulation, moderate regulation, people oriented, people oriented, and real The seven basic rules of regulation, such as quality fairness, enterprise self-discipline and social supervision, are the precondition for the regulation organization to meet the national conditions and industry characteristics of our country. At present, the regulatory bodies of urban public transportation in various parts of China are still not unified and regulated at present. On the basis of the self factors of urban public transport and the form of the state power organization of our country, the urban public transport management institutions should be set up in the central, provincial (including municipalities, autonomous regions), and the cities of the prefecture level. The relations between the upper and lower levels of these institutions are leading and led, and the regulatory bodies at different levels are in the base. It should be unified, including the overall supervision of planning, investment, construction, quality, environmental protection, price and access. But at the same time, the specific functions of the state and local regulation institutions should be different. The realization of the rule of law should be concretely implemented to the clear economic law to regulate the legal rights and obligations and economic laws and regulations. In order to clarify power, the boundary of rights, power, exercise of rights, the steps of performance, the investigation of responsibility and the relief of rights, the effective competition of the market is maintained from the microcosmic level of the rule of law and the social and public interests are realized.
The regulation construction of urban public transportation economic law should also include the following regulations: 1, the regulation of urban public transport access economic law. It is to protect the natural monopoly status of urban public transportation, curb illegal monopoly in urban public transportation market, protect the fair competition of urban public transportation market, and establish the level of urban public transport. To enter the mechanism "and" enter the competition mechanism ".2, the urban public transportation price economic law regulation, clear the government price regulation and the responsibility of ensuring the trip, clear the social value target of the urban public transportation price regulation, form the multiple urban public transportation pricing mechanism and the fair, scientific financial subsidy mechanism, and combine the industry special. We should give full play to the role of price regulation.3, the regulation of urban public transport service quality economic law, the establishment of a unified urban public transport service quality supervision institution, the establishment of urban public transport service quality standards, strict urban public transport service regulation related responsibility.4, urban public exchange social responsibility economic law regulation. The legal obligation of social responsibility ensures the labor welfare treatment of the employees of the public transport enterprises, and measures to realize the low carbon operation of urban public transportation, and realizes the universal service.5 by Pro poor regulation. The state assets economy law of urban public transportation is regulated. The state-owned assets of urban public transportation are huge and bear great social responsibility. The protection is related to the realization of the multiple objectives of governing the country by law, the well-off society and the integration of urban and rural areas. It must be aimed at the particularity of the protection and regulation of the state-owned assets of the urban public transportation industry. The State Council and the local people's government are outside the SASAC, and the special regulatory agencies are authorized to represent the state funded enterprises on behalf of the local people's government. At the same time, the regulation system of the state assets protection and restriction of urban public transportation is also established. The state-owned enterprises of urban public transport are equal to participate in the market competition system and the reform intervention system of the state-owned enterprises in urban public transportation, and improve the relief mechanism of the State Economic and economic regulation system of urban public transportation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D922.29;F572

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