本文選題：氣候難民 + 遷徙權(quán)��； 參考：《武漢大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：由于全球氣候變化導(dǎo)致的海平面上升或土地退化,幾千萬(wàn)甚至上億的人們已經(jīng)或者將要被迫遷徙,在某些情況下,因?yàn)檫w徙人群母國(guó)的全部領(lǐng)土都已不適宜居住,例如圖瓦盧和馬爾代夫或原住民部落,這些人們只能越境遷徙。日益增長(zhǎng)的大量的“氣候難民”不能取得傳統(tǒng)難民的地位,現(xiàn)有的國(guó)際法律體系無(wú)法為他們的遷徙行為提供適當(dāng)?shù)谋Ｗo(hù)。氣候難民的遷徙權(quán)是一種特定主體的特殊權(quán)利,從權(quán)利屬性上講,屬于基本人權(quán),對(duì)氣候難民遷徙權(quán)的保障,是享有生命權(quán)、健康權(quán)和人格尊嚴(yán)權(quán)等重要人權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)。氣候難民遷徙權(quán)保護(hù)的基本原則主要包括：早期和持續(xù)性應(yīng)對(duì)原則,個(gè)人權(quán)利和集體權(quán)利相結(jié)合的原則,全球性措施的原則,共同但有區(qū)別的責(zé)任原則和輔助性原則。目前沒(méi)有一個(gè)具體的國(guó)際公約和協(xié)議能夠適用于氣候難民的遷徙權(quán)保護(hù),本文建議了一個(gè)新的國(guó)際保護(hù)機(jī)制,該保護(hù)機(jī)制分為法律保障和實(shí)施保障兩部分內(nèi)容,為解決這一問(wèn)題提供相應(yīng)的法律路徑。氣候難民遷徙權(quán)的法律保障,主要是指建立氣候難民遷徙權(quán)保護(hù)的相關(guān)法律制度和國(guó)際法律體系,而實(shí)施保障主要是保障氣候難民遷徙權(quán)的具體實(shí)施機(jī)構(gòu)、實(shí)施方式、基金機(jī)制和司法救濟(jì)等。 本文除引言外共分為五章。 第一章概述了全球氣候變化和氣候難民問(wèn)題。首先,介紹了氣候變化帶來(lái)的不利影響和應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化的國(guó)際法律體制及其不足之處,因?yàn)闅夂蜃兓鸬暮Ｆ矫嫔仙�、暴風(fēng)雨、颶風(fēng)、洪水、土壤荒漠化等問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重使得人們?yōu)槠渖娑黄冗w徙,實(shí)踐中主要表現(xiàn)為低洼島國(guó)的人口遷徙,沿海地區(qū)和河流三角洲一帶的人口遷徙以及土地荒漠化和土地退化造成的農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)人口遷徙,氣候變化導(dǎo)致的人類遷徙應(yīng)該是個(gè)大規(guī)模的現(xiàn)象,只是目前還難以確定遷徙人口的數(shù)量和遷徙范圍,而且在未來(lái)仍有極大的不確定性,特別是一國(guó)或者一個(gè)地區(qū)的內(nèi)部移民幾乎沒(méi)有記錄。最后,“氣候難民”術(shù)語(yǔ)的界定有其理論上的可能性,相對(duì)于“環(huán)境難民”來(lái)說(shuō),“氣候難民”在形式上更有可能貼上“難民”的資格標(biāo)簽,也在一定程度上接近于國(guó)際法所認(rèn)可和保護(hù)的“難民”內(nèi)涵,可以看作是一種類型的“難民”。 第二章論述了氣候難民的涵義和對(duì)其權(quán)利的保護(hù)。出于本文的考慮,氣候難民的涵義被嚴(yán)格的限定,該涵義要求以下五個(gè)要素同時(shí)滿足,遷徙的個(gè)體或集體才可以被認(rèn)定為氣候難民：被迫遷徙；永久的遷徙和重新定居；越過(guò)國(guó)家邊境的遷徙；與氣候變化一致的突發(fā)性或緩慢的環(huán)境破壞；該環(huán)境破壞極有可能是人為導(dǎo)致的。本文對(duì)與氣候難民有關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)性人權(quán)進(jìn)行了分析,這些權(quán)利包括生命權(quán)、健康權(quán)、食物和水的權(quán)利、工作權(quán)和遷徙自由,以及環(huán)境權(quán)和文化權(quán)利等。如上所述,氣候難民帶給國(guó)際法一個(gè)重大的挑戰(zhàn),他們的遷徙可能造成沖突的增長(zhǎng)和對(duì)國(guó)際和平安全的影響。國(guó)際社會(huì)當(dāng)前所面臨的氣候難民問(wèn)題,在下個(gè)世紀(jì)很有可能造成幾百萬(wàn)人口越過(guò)國(guó)界遷徙,現(xiàn)有的難民和氣候變化機(jī)制在應(yīng)對(duì)該問(wèn)題上存在不足之處,因此有必要建立和發(fā)展一個(gè)更具有明確性和專門性的氣候難民國(guó)際公約,以便填補(bǔ)現(xiàn)存的國(guó)際法空白。該國(guó)際公約應(yīng)該被視作應(yīng)對(duì)和解決氣候難民遷徙問(wèn)題的一部分,它將是減輕氣候難民危機(jī)的關(guān)鍵性的一步。 第三章主要論述了氣候難民遷徙權(quán)的涵義、本質(zhì)特征、法律性質(zhì)、法律價(jià)值和權(quán)利內(nèi)容。這是一種與《公民權(quán)利與政治權(quán)利國(guó)際公約》中所規(guī)定的遷徙自由權(quán)不同的專屬于本文所界定的氣候難民這一特定主體的特殊權(quán)利,氣候難民遷徙權(quán)具有基礎(chǔ)性、不可克減性、固有性的法律性質(zhì),其主體可以分為個(gè)人主體和集體主體。參照傳統(tǒng)難民的國(guó)際保護(hù)規(guī)定,氣候難民的遷徙權(quán)在實(shí)踐中主要集中在氣候難民的出入境保護(hù)方面,并應(yīng)適用不推回原則,此外,出于維護(hù)國(guó)家安全和公共秩序的考慮,氣候難民行使遷徙權(quán)也應(yīng)受到必要的限制。 第四章主要探討了氣候難民遷徙權(quán)保護(hù)的基本原則。本文認(rèn)為,氣候難民遷徙權(quán)保護(hù)的基本原則主要包括：早期和持續(xù)性應(yīng)對(duì)原則,個(gè)人權(quán)利和集體權(quán)利相結(jié)合的原則,全球性措施的原則,共同但有區(qū)別的責(zé)任原則和輔助性原則,這些基本原則分別指導(dǎo)了氣候難民遷徙權(quán)保護(hù)的不同方面。 第五章主要論述了氣候難民遷徙權(quán)的國(guó)際法律保護(hù)機(jī)制。當(dāng)前國(guó)際法律體系并沒(méi)有對(duì)本文所界定的氣候難民群體實(shí)施特定的保護(hù),無(wú)論是難民、無(wú)國(guó)籍人,還是移民和普遍人權(quán)保護(hù)方面的各類國(guó)際法律工具都存在著不足之處。因此,這可以稱作是一個(gè)較深的法律空白領(lǐng)域問(wèn)題。本文將建議一個(gè)新的保護(hù)機(jī)制,該保護(hù)機(jī)制分為法律保障和實(shí)施保障兩部分內(nèi)容,法律保障包括建立健全有關(guān)保護(hù)氣候難民遷徙權(quán)的法律制度和國(guó)際法律體系,而實(shí)施保障主要是保護(hù)氣候難民遷徙權(quán)的具體實(shí)施機(jī)構(gòu)、實(shí)施方式、基金機(jī)制和司法救濟(jì)。
[Abstract]:Tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of people have been or will be forced to migrate because of the rising sea level or land degradation caused by global climate change. In some cases, the entire territory of the migrant mother country is inhabitable, such as Tuvalu and Maldives or aboriginal tribes, and these people can only move across the border. A large number of "climate refugees" can not obtain the status of traditional refugees. The existing international legal system can not provide appropriate protection for their migration. The migration right of climate refugees is a special right of a particular subject. From the right attribute, it belongs to the basic human rights, and the protection of the right to migrate to the climate refugees is the right to life, The basic principles for the protection of the right to health and the right to dignity include the principles of early and continuous response, the principle of combination of individual rights and collective rights, the principles of global measures, common but differentiated responsibilities and auxiliary principles. There is no specific international public at present. The agreement and agreement can be applied to the protection of the migration rights of refugees in the climate. This paper proposes a new international protection mechanism, which is divided into two parts, legal guarantee and implementation guarantee, and provides the corresponding legal path to solve this problem. The legal guarantee of the right to migration of climate refugees mainly refers to the establishment of the protection of the right to migration of climate refugees. The relevant legal system and international legal system, and the implementation of the guarantee is mainly to safeguard the climate refugee migration of specific implementation institutions, implementation methods, fund mechanism and judicial relief.
In addition to the introduction, this article is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter outlines the global climate change and the climate refugee problem. First, it introduces the adverse effects of climate change and the international legal system to cope with global climate change, as well as its shortcomings, because the rise in sea level, storms, hurricanes, floods, and soil desertification caused by climate change seriously make people live for them. The forced migration is mainly manifested in the migration of the low lying island countries, the migration of the population in the coastal areas and the River Delta, the migration of the agricultural areas caused by the desertification and the land degradation, the migration of human beings caused by the climate change should be a large-scale phenomenon, but it is still difficult to determine the number of migratory people at present. There is still great uncertainty in the future, and there is still great uncertainty in the future, especially in one country or one region. Finally, the definition of the term "climate refugees" is theoretically possible, and "climate refugees" are more likely to be eligible for "refugee" qualifications than "environmental refugees". The label, to a certain extent, is close to the connotation of "refugees" recognized and protected by international law, and can be regarded as a type of "refugee".
The second chapter discusses the meaning of the climate refugees and the protection of their rights. For this reason, the meaning of the climate refugees is strictly limited, which requires the following five elements to be met simultaneously. The individual or collective of the migration can be identified as a climate Refugee: forced migration; permanent migration and resettlement; across the border of the country. Migration; sudden or slow environmental destruction consistent with climate change; the environmental damage is highly likely to be man-made. This article analyses basic human rights related to the climate refugees, including the right to life, the right to health, the right to food and water, the right to work and the freedom of migration, and environmental and cultural rights. As mentioned above, the climate refugees bring a major challenge to international law. Their migration may result in the growth of conflict and the impact on international peace and security. The current climate refugee problem facing the international community is likely to cause millions of people to migrate across the country in the next century, and the existing mechanisms for refugees and climate change are in the world. In response to the shortcomings of the problem, it is necessary to establish and develop a more clear and specialized international convention on climate refugees in order to fill the gaps in existing international law. The international convention should be seen as part of the problem of addressing and resolving the migration of climate refugees, which will be the key to mitigating the climate refugee crisis. A step.
The third chapter mainly discusses the meaning, nature, legal nature, legal value and right content of the right to migration of climate refugees. This is a special right which is different from the right of freedom of migration as defined in the International Convention on Civil and political rights, which is defined by this article, and the right of climate refugees to migrate. The legal nature of basic, unsubtractive and inherent nature can be divided into individual subjects and collective bodies. According to the international protection provisions of traditional refugees, the migration rights of climate refugees are mainly concentrated in the protection of the entry and exit of climate refugees in practice, and should be applied to the principle of non return, in addition, in order to safeguard national security and public security. In the consideration of the order, climate refugees should also be subject to the necessary restrictions on the exercise of their right of migration.
The fourth chapter mainly discusses the basic principles of the protection of the right to migration of climate refugees. This article holds that the basic principles of the protection of the right to migration of refugees in the climate include the principles of early and sustained response, the combination of individual rights and collective rights, the principles of global measures, common but differentiated responsibilities and auxiliary principles, The basic principles respectively guide different aspects of the protection of refugee migration rights.
The fifth chapter mainly discusses the international legal protection mechanism of the right to migration of climate refugees. The current international legal system does not carry out specific protection to the climate refugee groups defined in this article, whether it is refugees, stateless persons, or all kinds of international legal instruments for the protection of migrants and universal human rights. It can be called a deeper legal blank field. This article will suggest a new protection mechanism, which is divided into two parts: legal guarantee and implementation guarantee. The legal guarantee includes the establishment and improvement of the legal system and international law system on the protection of the refugee migration rights of the climate, and the implementation guarantee is mainly to protect the climate. The specific implementation mechanism, implementation mode, fund mechanism and judicial remedy of the right of migration.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D922.68

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