本文關(guān)鍵詞： 錯誤 價值觀基礎(chǔ) 模式 重大誤解 修補(bǔ)　出處：《揚(yáng)州大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：合同的締結(jié)是一個溝通與磋商的過程,而合同錯誤泛指溝通與磋商過程中所出現(xiàn)的一切“不符合現(xiàn)實(shí)”與“不正確認(rèn)識”。錯誤的出現(xiàn)使得溝通與磋商這樣的商討行為背離了基本的妥當(dāng)性要求，妨礙了合意的產(chǎn)生。構(gòu)成合意的相關(guān)要素的真實(shí)性基礎(chǔ)的喪失最終帶來的是合同效力的非正當(dāng)性,這就使得民法對錯誤的合同進(jìn)行規(guī)制具有了正當(dāng)性與緊迫性。 以德法為代表的大陸法系國家在對錯誤進(jìn)行救濟(jì)時以“意圖理論”為基礎(chǔ),側(cè)重于維護(hù)表意人的意思表示自由；而英美法系國家的錯誤制度是以維護(hù)交易安全為出發(fā)點(diǎn),偏向于合同相對人一方利益的保護(hù)；作為商事習(xí)慣法成文化最新成果的歐盟民法典草案注重對雙方的當(dāng)事人在錯誤形成方面的的情況進(jìn)行整體性的考察,進(jìn)而確定責(zé)任的歸屬,呈現(xiàn)出定的折衷意味。從表面上看,三種類型錯誤制度質(zhì)檢的差別是技術(shù)性的,但價值觀層面的分歧才是這種差別產(chǎn)生的根本原因。 英美合同法受功利主義影響,推崇對抗性的契約觀念,利用對方的錯誤來獲取利益并無任何不妥。而受共同體主義影響的德法等大陸法系國家家,已經(jīng)完成從純自由主義的私法到具有一定社會性的私法的轉(zhuǎn)變,合作的精神也為這些國家民事法律所強(qiáng)調(diào)。而建立在后現(xiàn)代主義觀念上的歐盟私法,相較傳統(tǒng)的兩大法系而言,體現(xiàn)的更多的是對于多元價值的追求,實(shí)現(xiàn)著更高層次的社會正義。 我國法雖然未引入錯誤這一概念,但重大誤解制度在事實(shí)上承擔(dān)了國外私法上錯誤制度的一部分功能。相較而言,我國的重大誤解制度存在著較多的瑕疵,概念內(nèi)涵過窄致使與上位法的規(guī)定存在體系上的不協(xié)調(diào),而且表意人獲得救濟(jì)的機(jī)會成本較高,對相對人利益的保護(hù)更是極其贏弱。這些瑕疵妨礙了這一制度的有效運(yùn)作,亟須進(jìn)行修補(bǔ)。 在對我國的現(xiàn)行的制度進(jìn)行修補(bǔ)時,必須尊重我國現(xiàn)階段的基本國情,總體考慮實(shí)際情況,進(jìn)而借鑒先進(jìn)國家的可用細(xì)節(jié),打造與本土法律價值追求相一致的整體規(guī)則框架。整體照搬別國法律文本或徑行套用某些先進(jìn)規(guī)則均是不可取的。
[Abstract]:The conclusion of a contract is a process of communication and negotiation. The error of contract generally refers to all the things that appear in the process of communication and negotiation, which are not in line with reality and incorrect understanding. The occurrence of errors makes the behavior of negotiation such as communication and consultation deviate from the basic requirement of appropriateness. The loss of the truthfulness basis of the relevant elements of consensus ultimately brings about the illegitimacy of the validity of the contract, which makes the civil law to regulate the wrong contract with legitimacy and urgency. The civil law countries, represented by Germany and France, take the theory of intention as the basis for the remedy of errors, focusing on maintaining the freedom of expression of the will of the ideographers, while the wrong systems in the common law countries are based on the maintenance of the security of transactions. In favor of the protection of the interests of the relative party to the contract, the draft of the EU Civil Code, as the latest cultural achievement of the commercial customary law, pays attention to the overall investigation of the situation of the parties concerned in the formation of errors, and then determines the attribution of responsibility. On the surface, the differences in quality inspection of the three types of erroneous systems are technical in nature, but the differences in values are the root causes of the differences. Under the influence of utilitarianism, the Anglo-American contract Law is not inappropriate to promote the concept of antagonistic contract, and to take advantage of the other party's mistakes to obtain benefits. However, the countries of civil law such as Germany and France, which are influenced by communitarianism, are not at all right. The spirit of cooperation has also been emphasized by the civil laws of these countries. The European Union's private law, which is based on the concept of postmodernism, is more traditional than the two legal systems. What embodies more is the pursuit of multiple values and the realization of higher levels of social justice. Although the concept of error has not been introduced into the law of our country, the system of major misunderstanding has in fact assumed part of the functions of the wrong system in foreign private law. In contrast, there are many defects in the system of major misunderstanding in our country. The connotation of the concept is too narrow and there is system disharmony with the provisions of the epigyny law, and the opportunity cost for the intended person to obtain relief is high, and the protection of the interests of the relative party is extremely weak. These defects hinder the effective operation of this system. Repairs are urgently needed. In mending the current system of our country, we must respect the basic conditions of our country at the present stage, consider the actual situation in general, and then learn from the available details of the advanced countries. To create a framework of overall rules consistent with the pursuit of local legal values. It is not advisable to copy the legal texts of other countries or to apply some advanced rules as a whole.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：揚(yáng)州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D923.6

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