本文選題：水下文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù) + 中國�。� 參考：《中國海洋大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：水下文化遺產(chǎn)見證了人類歷史,承載著人類文明,為歷史學(xué)家、考古學(xué)家等科研工作者提供了寶貴的研究素材;其奇特的魅力和厚重的神秘感令廣大群眾深受震撼;而其巨大的商業(yè)價值使各地的盜寶者趨之若鶩。一直以來保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)的國際法極不完善,造成海洋秩序混亂、盜寶之風(fēng)肆虐和矛盾爭議叢生的狀況。對水下文化遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)和研究極為不利。 國際社會在如何保護(hù)和管理水下文化遺產(chǎn)方面尋求共識,最重要的成果是2001年通過的《保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)公約》。雖然公約的出臺過程艱難而漫長,為了均衡各方利益,結(jié)果免不了避重就輕。但是作為第一部專門保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)的國際公約,其中不少突破性的規(guī)定,比如“就地保護(hù)”、禁止商業(yè)性開發(fā)、否定打撈法和打撈物法的適用、分區(qū)域行使管轄權(quán)等內(nèi)容,對保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)起到積極作用�！侗Ｗo(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)公約》具有里程碑式的意義。 同時,由于打撈法和打撈物法在英美法系國家的長期適用,也形成了一套復(fù)雜而獨特的法律制度,其適用對象包括水下文化遺產(chǎn)。打撈法和打撈物法其因立足于水下文化遺產(chǎn)的“商業(yè)流通”而屢受詬病,但是從數(shù)量繁多的判例中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一些促進(jìn)保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)事業(yè)發(fā)展的閃光思想,比如對“就地保護(hù)”的認(rèn)同、要求按照考古學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行水下打撈等。還有一些制度設(shè)計,比如英國的官方接管人制度,對改進(jìn)我國慣常的“一刀切”規(guī)定也具有參考價值。 我國是文化遺產(chǎn)大國,但是關(guān)于水下文化遺產(chǎn)的法律制度尚不健全。我國海域內(nèi)水下文化遺產(chǎn)面臨被破壞和盜撈的嚴(yán)峻威脅,相關(guān)法律制度亟待完善。我國保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)方面存在的問題有:定義上的自我設(shè)限、缺少統(tǒng)領(lǐng)整個法律制度的原則規(guī)定、獎懲力度不夠、文物保護(hù)和處置流程不清晰等�？梢越梃b《保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)公約》及其他相關(guān)法律加以完善。另外,我國水下考古力量不足,能否探索準(zhǔn)入私人打撈?南海劃界爭端不斷,《保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)公約》不能為保護(hù)南海的水下文化遺產(chǎn)提供有效辦法,我國應(yīng)該推進(jìn)區(qū)域合作以加強保護(hù)。
[Abstract]:Underwater cultural heritage witnessed human history, bearing human civilization, and provided valuable research materials for historians, archaeologists, etc. And its huge commercial value makes the treasure thief everywhere. The international law for the protection of underwater cultural heritage has been far from perfect, resulting in chaos of marine order, rampant theft of treasure and numerous contradictions and controversies. It is unfavorable to the protection and research of underwater cultural heritage. The international community seeks consensus on how to protect and manage underwater cultural heritage. The most important achievement is the Convention for the Protection of underwater Cultural Heritage adopted in 2001. Although the treaty process is difficult and long, in order to balance the interests of all parties, the result is inevitable. However, as the first international convention dedicated to the protection of underwater cultural heritage, there are many groundbreaking provisions, such as "local protection", prohibition of commercial exploitation, denial of the application of salvage and salvage laws, and exercise of jurisdiction by sub-region, etc. The Convention for the Protection of underwater Cultural Heritage is of milestone significance. At the same time, because of the long-term application of salvage and salvage in Anglo-American law countries, a set of complex and unique legal system has been formed, including underwater cultural heritage. Salvage and salvage methods have been repeatedly criticized for being based on the "commercial circulation" of underwater cultural heritage. However, from a large number of precedents, we can find some shining ideas that promote the development of underwater cultural heritage protection. For example, the recognition of local conservation requires underwater salvage in accordance with archaeological standards. Some institutional designs, such as the official receiver system in Britain, also have reference value for improving our country's usual "one size fits all" regulations. China is a large country of cultural heritage, but the legal system of underwater cultural heritage is not perfect. The underwater cultural heritage in the sea area of our country is faced with the severe threat of destruction and theft, and the relevant legal system needs to be improved. There are some problems in protecting underwater cultural heritage in China, such as self-limitation in definition, lack of principles and regulations governing the whole legal system, insufficient rewards and punishments, unclear procedures for the protection and disposal of cultural relics, etc. Reference can be made to the Convention on the Protection of underwater Cultural Heritage and other relevant laws. In addition, our underwater archaeological power is insufficient, can explore access to private fishing? There are many disputes over the delimitation of the South China Sea. The Convention on the Protection of underwater Cultural Heritage cannot provide an effective way to protect the underwater cultural heritage of the South China Sea. China should promote regional cooperation to strengthen the protection of the underwater cultural heritage in the South China Sea.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D997.1

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