本文選題：普遍管轄權(quán) + 適用�。� 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：普遍管轄權(quán)就是針對(duì)國(guó)際社會(huì)所公認(rèn)的特定國(guó)際罪行，不論犯罪人的國(guó)籍、犯罪行為的發(fā)生地或者被害人的國(guó)籍，各國(guó)都可以行使管轄權(quán)。普遍管轄權(quán)雖然不要求屬人或者屬地等密切的聯(lián)系要素就可行使，但“平等者之間無(wú)管轄權(quán)”依然是國(guó)際法的一項(xiàng)基本準(zhǔn)則，因而一國(guó)不能隨意的行使普遍管轄權(quán)。普遍管轄權(quán)的合法性基礎(chǔ)在于習(xí)慣國(guó)際法或者國(guó)際條約。普遍管轄權(quán)是伴隨國(guó)際社會(huì)為了打擊特定的國(guó)際犯罪而產(chǎn)生而發(fā)展的。隨著人類文明的不斷推進(jìn)，普遍管轄權(quán)是當(dāng)今國(guó)際社會(huì)共同打擊有罪不罰、逍遙法外方面的重要工具。 盡管國(guó)際社會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)到了普遍管轄權(quán)的基本價(jià)值，但是對(duì)于普遍管轄權(quán)的范圍，國(guó)際社會(huì)仍然存在著一定的分歧。本文將指出，普遍管轄權(quán)自開(kāi)始就是國(guó)家之間因?yàn)榇驌艉１I等犯罪的需要而逐漸形成的一種共識(shí)，因而國(guó)家是行使普遍管轄權(quán)的主體。普遍管轄權(quán)是不同于國(guó)際刑事法院等特定的國(guó)際刑事審判機(jī)構(gòu)的管轄權(quán)的。對(duì)于國(guó)家究竟可以對(duì)那些國(guó)際犯罪行使普遍管轄權(quán)，本文將討論關(guān)于適用普遍管轄權(quán)之國(guó)際犯罪的四種判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即犯罪的嚴(yán)重性、犯罪逃脫懲罰的可能性、犯罪是否違反了國(guó)際強(qiáng)行法、習(xí)慣國(guó)際法和國(guó)際條約的規(guī)定四個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并指出對(duì)于某一國(guó)際犯罪是否使用普遍管轄權(quán)，還是要從習(xí)慣國(guó)際法和國(guó)際條約中尋找根據(jù)。同時(shí)本文還將對(duì)各國(guó)所提及較多的海盜罪、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪、滅絕種族罪、危害人類罪等四種罪名進(jìn)行探討。 普遍管轄權(quán)的適用在世界范圍內(nèi)并不平均，歐洲國(guó)家，，尤其是西歐國(guó)家行使普遍管轄權(quán)的情況較多。國(guó)際非政府組織在普遍管轄權(quán)的適用過(guò)程中也發(fā)揮了重要力量。但是普遍管轄權(quán)在適用的過(guò)程中也存在諸多障礙，本文將會(huì)討論立法方面的差異、司法成本大、刑事司法協(xié)助的困難性、與豁免權(quán)存在的沖突、政治方面的影響等幾個(gè)適用普遍管轄權(quán)的障礙。為了更好的適用普遍管轄權(quán)，各國(guó)必須在普遍管轄權(quán)的過(guò)程中最大程度的尊重主權(quán)，并從適用有限的普遍管轄權(quán)等幾個(gè)方面來(lái)解決普遍管轄權(quán)適用的障礙。 中國(guó)作為聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)常任理事國(guó)，在打擊國(guó)際犯罪方面也發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用。但是中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)普遍管轄權(quán)的立法仍然存在一些問(wèn)題。為了更好的行使普遍管轄權(quán)，中國(guó)必須從健全國(guó)內(nèi)立法等方面著手，完善適用普遍管轄權(quán)的法律制度，從而更好的發(fā)揮我國(guó)在打擊國(guó)際犯罪、維護(hù)國(guó)際社會(huì)秩序方面的作用。
[Abstract]:Universal jurisdiction is the exercise of jurisdiction over specific international crimes recognized by the international community, regardless of the nationality of the perpetrator, the place where the crime took place or the nationality of the victim. Although universal jurisdiction does not require the exercise of such closely related elements as personal or territoriality, "no jurisdiction between equals" remains a fundamental norm of international law, and a State cannot exercise universal jurisdiction at will. Universal jurisdiction was based on customary international law or international treaties. Universal jurisdiction is accompanied by the development of the international community in order to combat specific international crimes. With the development of human civilization, universal jurisdiction is an important tool for the international community to fight impunity and impunity. Although the international community recognized the fundamental value of universal jurisdiction, there were still differences in its scope. It will be noted in this paper that universal jurisdiction has been a common understanding between States since the beginning, as a result of the need to combat crimes such as piracy, and thus the State is the subject of the exercise of universal jurisdiction. Universal jurisdiction is different from the jurisdiction of a particular international criminal jurisdiction such as the International Criminal Court. As to whether a State can exercise universal jurisdiction over those international crimes, this paper will discuss four criteria for judging international crimes to which universal jurisdiction applies, namely, the seriousness of the crime, the possibility of impunity for the crime, Whether the crime violates international jus cogens, customary international law and the provisions of international treaties, and points out whether universal jurisdiction is used in respect of an international crime, or whether to seek a basis from customary international law and international treaties. At the same time, this article will discuss four crimes of piracy, war crime, genocide and crimes against humanity. The application of universal jurisdiction is not even in the world, European countries, especially Western European countries, exercise universal jurisdiction more often. International NGOs also play an important role in the application of universal jurisdiction. However, there are many obstacles to the application of universal jurisdiction. This paper will discuss the differences in legislation, the high judicial cost, the difficulty of criminal judicial assistance, and the conflict between immunity and immunity. Political implications and other obstacles to the application of universal jurisdiction. In order to better apply universal jurisdiction, States must respect sovereignty to the greatest extent in the process of universal jurisdiction, and solve the obstacles to the application of universal jurisdiction from several aspects, such as the application of limited universal jurisdiction. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China also plays a pivotal role in combating international crime. However, there are still some problems in the legislation of universal jurisdiction in China. In order to better exercise universal jurisdiction, China must start from the aspects of domestic legislation and perfect the legal system of applying universal jurisdiction, so as to play a better role in cracking down on international crimes and maintaining international social order.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D997.9

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