論禁止歧視的正當(dāng)性
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-04-17 04:03
本文選題:歧視 + 平等; 參考:《中共中央黨!2014年博士論文
【摘要】:歧視是社會中一個(gè)廣泛存在的現(xiàn)象。無論是在西方發(fā)達(dá)國家還是像中國這樣不斷壯大的發(fā)展中國家,一直以來歧視都普遍存在并且難以消除。禁止歧視作為人權(quán)法的一個(gè)重要原則被普遍地應(yīng)用在國際法和國內(nèi)立法之中。 然而對于歧視這一現(xiàn)象是否應(yīng)當(dāng)禁止并非是沒有爭議的。主張禁止歧視的理由往往跟平等相關(guān)聯(lián),而平等本身就是一個(gè)具有爭議的內(nèi)容。反對禁止歧視的理由則往往認(rèn)為這種禁止侵害了人的自由。禁止歧視的根據(jù)究竟是什么?追問禁止歧視的正當(dāng)性仍然是有必要的。以往一些論述者在研究歧視問題時(shí)常常把禁止歧作為一個(gè)是當(dāng)然的前提,而本文提出并論證“禁止歧視的正當(dāng)性”這一命題,寫作的目的正是要對這個(gè)“當(dāng)然的”前提進(jìn)行追問,意在闡明為什么禁止歧視是具有道德基礎(chǔ)的正當(dāng)要求。圍繞這一命題,本文采用文獻(xiàn)研究方法和案例分析方法進(jìn)行研究,全文共用六章的篇幅進(jìn)行論述。 第一章對歧視的概念進(jìn)行了基本的界定,并且通過比較分析了歧視與偏見、差異的區(qū)別;梳理了具有代表性的四個(gè)國家即美國、英國、加拿大和澳大利亞在法律實(shí)踐中不斷對歧視的概念產(chǎn)生的深化理解;并且對歧視兩種主要的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做出了闡釋。這一章主要是從概念上理解歧視這一現(xiàn)象,因?yàn)樵趯?shí)踐上對歧視的重視是隨著要求改變不平等待遇的人權(quán)呼聲而逐漸發(fā)展起來的,歧視具有一定的主觀性在實(shí)踐中往往非常復(fù)雜又難以認(rèn)定。 第二章初步論述了禁止歧視的一般性依據(jù)。這一章主要起到統(tǒng)領(lǐng)后面四章,并為后面的論述提供批判的靶子的作用。本章開頭總結(jié)了三種一般論述禁止歧視依據(jù)的方式:第一種是實(shí)踐性的,,本文不做展開說明。第二種是根據(jù)法律規(guī)定,因此本文第一節(jié)首先論述了禁止歧視的國際法規(guī)定,這些爭取人權(quán)的文件成果可以說是禁止歧視在國際法上的一個(gè)依據(jù),但是它們不是學(xué)術(shù)性的、哲理性的,根據(jù)法律的規(guī)定只能說明合法性,不能作為禁止歧視正當(dāng)性的依據(jù)。第三種方式是根據(jù)平等的理論。因此第二節(jié)梳理了平等的概念、平等思想的發(fā)展以及歧視與平等的關(guān)系等問題。這種論證方式是主要的論證禁止歧視依據(jù)的觀點(diǎn),但是在追問禁止歧視歧視的正當(dāng)性時(shí)就會發(fā)現(xiàn),禁止歧視是具有爭論的,贊成者往往主張因?yàn)閼?yīng)當(dāng)平等所以就要反對歧視;而反對者則認(rèn)為在私人領(lǐng)域?qū)λ诉M(jìn)行歧視是一個(gè)人的自由不應(yīng)當(dāng)被干涉。因此,根據(jù)平等理論論證禁止歧視的方法是存在漏洞的。第三節(jié)就圍繞這種爭論展開討論,為后面四章的論述做鋪墊。禁止歧視的爭論焦點(diǎn)主要集中在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域中是否應(yīng)當(dāng)實(shí)現(xiàn)更大程度的平等這一問題上,這種爭論正是本文論述的重點(diǎn)。因此后面的三章詳細(xì)分析了這種爭論的理論代表,即羅爾斯、諾齊克和德沃金的理論。 第三章主要分析了羅爾斯的公平正義理論。羅爾斯希望通過兩個(gè)正義原則解決自由和平等在社會分配中尤其是經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的分配中的沖突,這一理論對現(xiàn)代平等觀產(chǎn)生了重要的影響,但是也受到了多方面的批判。一方面保守的自由主義者尤其是諾齊克認(rèn)為羅爾斯所表達(dá)的更大的平等是不成立的。另一方面,左派的自由主義者德沃金對羅爾斯的差別原則的批判也認(rèn)為其消減了個(gè)人責(zé)任的問題。因此,通過羅爾斯的平等理論來論述禁止歧視的依據(jù)是存在很多漏洞的。修正這一理論還要從諾齊克和德沃金對其理論的批判入手。 第四章主要針對諾齊克的的自由至上理論進(jìn)行分析反對禁止歧視是否具有依據(jù)。通過對諾齊克的最弱意義的國家和財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的洛克的限制條件的分析指出,即使不依靠其他理論的支持,諾齊克的理論本身也是存在矛盾的。這種最弱意義的國家是無法成立的,這也就意味著國家具有更多的功能是能夠也應(yīng)當(dāng)成立的。這種功能之一就是實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域中更多平等,禁止對人的歧視。但是這種平等實(shí)現(xiàn)到什么程度還需要討論。 第五章考察了德沃金的資源平等理論。德沃金在平等理論中引入了“責(zé)任”的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)區(qū)分選擇和環(huán)境對人的不同影響并作為承擔(dān)集體責(zé)任還是個(gè)人責(zé)任的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。并且對德沃金在論證中對應(yīng)的個(gè)人性資源和非個(gè)人性資源這兩種資源分別進(jìn)行分析和批判。指出了雖然德沃金在將責(zé)任納入平等理論的論證中存在缺陷,但是卻可以為我們提供一種思路:即個(gè)人在滿足一定的條件下應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)對自己不利的后果,對不平等的彌補(bǔ)不可能是沒有限度的,這也說明我們禁止歧視應(yīng)當(dāng)存在一定的限度,不能一味地追求絕對的平等。 第六章是本文的結(jié)論部分,也是論文的創(chuàng)新部分。這一章在對前面三章圍繞禁止歧視的爭論所依據(jù)的理論做出批判的基礎(chǔ)上首先考察了正義的條件,著重論述了正義的主客觀條件,指出正義制度是必不可少的,正義制度的重要性首先在于構(gòu)建人的品德,使人成為出于同情心而以正義待人的人。在此基礎(chǔ)上論述本文的創(chuàng)新性觀點(diǎn):圍繞著禁止歧視的爭論可以分析出依據(jù)平等理論作為禁止歧視的依據(jù)就難免陷入平等和自由的爭論,但是在自由主義的這種爭論之上我們至少可以得出自由主義的基本觀點(diǎn)“人是目的”、“人的理性能力”是對這種爭論的最低限的共識。而從正義的角度出發(fā),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)“人是目的”、“人的理性能力”正是把人當(dāng)作人和人的自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的倫理價(jià)值的要求。這也正是禁止歧視的正當(dāng)性依據(jù)所在。同時(shí),人的尊嚴(yán)是界定禁止歧視要求和平等要求的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵,禁止歧視應(yīng)當(dāng)始終注意將尊嚴(yán)作為認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),認(rèn)定歧視應(yīng)當(dāng)存在必要的限度,不能將所有的不平等對待都認(rèn)定為歧視。
[Abstract]:Discrimination is a widespread phenomenon in society . Whether in Western developed countries or developing countries like China , discrimination has been widespread and difficult to eliminate . It is widely used in international law and domestic legislation as an important principle of human rights law .
However , there is no dispute about whether the phenomenon of discrimination should be prohibited . The grounds for prohibiting discrimination are often associated with equality , and equality itself is a controversial content . The reason for the prohibition of discrimination is still necessary . The aim of the writing is to ask the prohibition against discrimination . The aim of this article is to clarify why the prohibition of discrimination is a legitimate requirement of a moral basis .
Chapter one defines the concept of discrimination , and analyzes the differences between discrimination and prejudice by comparison .
The deepening understanding of the concept of discrimination in the legal practice of four countries , namely , the United States , the United Kingdom , Canada and Australia , has been combed .
In practice , the emphasis on discrimination is gradually developed along with the demand to change the voice of unequal treatment of human rights . Discrimination has certain subjectivity and is often very complicated and difficult to identify .
In chapter 2 , the general basis of the prohibition of discrimination is discussed in this chapter . The first part of this chapter summarizes three ways to prohibit discrimination : the first is practical , and the second is the basis of the prohibition of discrimination . The third way is to prohibit discrimination on the basis of equality .
Therefore , it is the focus of the discussion on whether to achieve a greater degree of equality in the economic sphere . Therefore , the latter three chapters detail the theoretical representation of this argument , namely , Rawls , Nozick and Dewakin ' s theory .
The third chapter mainly analyzes Rawls ' theory of fairness and justice . Rawls wants to solve the conflicts in the allocation of freedom and equality in the social distribution , especially in the economic sphere , through two justice principles . This theory has an important influence on the modern equal view . On the other hand , the conservative liberalist , especially Mr . Norzik , thinks that the greater equality of Rawls is not established . On the other hand , the author argues that the basis for the prohibition of discrimination through Rawls ' theory of equality is a lot of loopholes .
The fourth chapter analyses whether the prohibition of discrimination is based on the free - top theory of Nozick . The analysis of the restrictive conditions of Locke ' s theory of state and property rights , which is the weakest point of Nozick , points out that Nozick ' s theory itself is contradictory , even without recourse to other theories . One of these functions is that the country has more functions and should also be established . One of these functions is to achieve more equality in the economic sphere and to prohibit discrimination against persons . But the extent to which such equality is achieved needs to be discussed .
In the fifth chapter , we examine the theory of the resource equality of Dewakin ' s theory of resources , and the author points out that it is necessary to distinguish between the different influences of the choice and the environment on man and the standard of individual responsibility .
The sixth chapter is the conclusion part of this paper , and it is the innovation part of the thesis . This chapter , on the basis of criticizing the theory of prohibition of discrimination on the basis of the theory of prohibition of discrimination , first examines the conditions of justice , and points out that the justice system is necessary . At the same time , we find that " people are the aim " and " human rational ability " is a key to the self - realization of people and human beings .
【學(xué)位授予單位】:中共中央黨校
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2014
【分類號】:D90
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條
1 鐘毅平;偏見及其認(rèn)知來源[J];山東師大學(xué)報(bào)(社會科學(xué)版);1999年02期
2 張明華;;就業(yè)歧視的經(jīng)濟(jì)法解決機(jī)制分析[J];天津市工會管理干部學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2007年04期
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