本文選題：宋代　切入點：訴訟觀念　出處：《西南政法大學》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 自漢武帝標舉“罷黜百家,獨尊儒術(shù)”之后,崇尚“禮治”的儒家思想成為中國社會幾千年來的正統(tǒng)思想,在這種思想之下,人民普遍秉持“貴和持中、貴和尚中”的思想。自秦代以后,受儒家思想的影響,“息訟”成為中國傳統(tǒng)文化的總體特征,“無訟”成為中國古代社會的主導價值取向。歷代統(tǒng)治者為了專制統(tǒng)治的需要以及信奉儒家思想中向往的“講信修睦,選賢與能”的寧靜和諧的禮制社會而對百姓采取“息訟”的政治方針。縱觀傳統(tǒng)訴訟觀念的形成及流變,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),民族的習慣是一股強大的慣性,它不容辯駁地引領(lǐng)著宋代以前的中國封建社會走向以官府“息訟”,民間“厭訟”為主導的普遍態(tài)勢。然而,到了宋代,隨著社會的發(fā)展,生產(chǎn)力的提高,社會糾紛的增多等各種原因,促使民間一改往常,“健訟”之風日漸興起,不論地區(qū)經(jīng)濟發(fā)達與否,民間逐漸呈現(xiàn)出一派“健訟”的熱鬧景象。尤其至宋室南遷,長江流域的經(jīng)濟愈加發(fā)展,江南民間財產(chǎn)流轉(zhuǎn)愈發(fā)加快,鼠牙雀角,動輒成訟。據(jù)后世記載,其手段之多、范圍之廣,為前朝罕見,這無疑對傳統(tǒng)的“厭訟”思想造成了前所未有的沖擊。這種一反常態(tài)的訴訟觀念是宋代區(qū)別于前面朝代的最大特點。那么,造成兩宋時期民間法律訴訟頻仍、直至發(fā)展到“健訟”成風的原因有哪些?如果私有制的形成和商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展是主要原因的話,那么造成這種現(xiàn)象的次要原因有哪些?它們又分別發(fā)揮著什么樣的作用?筆者就是帶著這樣的疑問和初衷撰寫了這篇論文,并將它分成三部分進行闡述和論證: 第一部分,從客觀歷史的角度對宋代以前的社會訴訟風氣進行總體性概述。本部分首先對訴訟觀念的含義作出界定,其次對宋代以前的民間訴訟狀況做出有針對性和代表性的介紹,為下文論述宋代訴訟觀念的特殊性作出鋪墊。 第二部分,主要是對兩宋時期民風“健訟”的現(xiàn)象從社會階層角度著手,對統(tǒng)治階層和百姓階層的訴訟觀念及其表現(xiàn)進行從上到下地具有代表性的描述。本文所指宋之統(tǒng)治階層包括皇帝和其政府的組成官員——士大夫,他們較之前朝各代更加重視法律、獄訟,也更加關(guān)心民間疾苦。從皇帝重視法律,將法律考試設(shè)為科舉中進士、諸科考試的一項必考內(nèi)容,到士大夫階層注重學律、用律,更至從體察民情出發(fā),在處理獄訟之時能夠有意識地做到融人情、理法于一處,都體現(xiàn)了宋代統(tǒng)治階級對待法律不同于其他封建王朝的改變之處。百姓階層“重利輕義”至爭訟成風和自習律令,“性喜訟,家家自為簿書,凡聞人之陰私……皆記之,有訟則取以證”的特點也是前朝所沒有出現(xiàn)過的。民間爭訟反映出來的人與人之間的關(guān)系日益呈現(xiàn)多元化趨勢,一方面人們?nèi)匀粩[脫不了封建倫常所倡導的“患難相恤、禮俗相交”的古訓,另一方面在面對日益發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟關(guān)系時,更加注重自己的利益得失,一旦自身利益受到侵害,爭訟就在所難免,像是“惟利是趨,所爭之田不滿一畝,互爭之訟不止數(shù)年”諸類的現(xiàn)象,在宋朝尤其是南宋民間是十分普遍的。 第三部分,主要是從經(jīng)濟、政府即當政者的統(tǒng)治思想、北宋事功學派的主張、證據(jù)學的興起這四個方面分別對形成“健訟”之風的原因進行了多角度,多層面的挖掘與分析。首先,私有制經(jīng)濟形式的出現(xiàn)和商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展是發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的主要原因和直接原因,也可歸納為“物質(zhì)前提”;其次,當政者“重視理財”的統(tǒng)治思想是其間接原因,也是其“制度環(huán)境”;再次,事功學派反對道學家們的“義理性命”空談及朱熹“存天理、滅人欲”之思想,主張國家各個階層的人們應(yīng)“各務(wù)其實而極其所至”,共同“除天下之患,安天下之利”的學說,筆者認為可視作對民間健訟形成的重要原因,也是“理論支持”;最后,隨著科學技術(shù)的進步,證據(jù)制度在兩宋時期發(fā)生了劃時代的變革,除傳統(tǒng)的人證外,物證和書證得以普遍使用,法醫(yī)鑒定等收集證據(jù)的專門技能趨于成熟,為健訟風潮的興起提供了現(xiàn)實的可能性,筆者將其視為科技原因,也可謂之“技術(shù)推動”。
[Abstract]:Since the Han Dynasty advocated "deposed 100, only Confucianism", advocating "Rites" of the Confucianism became the orthodox thought China Society for thousands of years, in this kind of thought, people generally uphold the principle of "expensive and in harmony". Since the Qin Dynasty, influenced by Confucianism, "interest litigation" Chinese becomes the general characteristics of the traditional culture, "no litigation" has become the dominant value orientation of ancient society. Chinese rulers to tyranny and yearning for Confucianism "in other countries, those" peaceful and harmonious social etiquette and take "interest litigation" political policy to the people. The formation and transformation. The traditional lawsuit idea we found that national customs is a powerful inertia, it is irrefutable to lead before the Song Dynasty Chinese feudal society to the official "lawsuit", "folk. As a general trend leading litigation ". However, the Song Dynasty, with the development of society, the improvement of productivity, the increase of social disputes and other reasons, the folk changed the usual," fengri disputatiousness "gradually rise, regardless of region economic development or not, people gradually presented a" disputatiousness "lively scene. Especially to the Song Shi migrated to the south, the Yangtze River economic development more and more, the Jiangnan folk property transfer more quickly, easily into litigation. Litigation over trifles, according to later records, which means more scope for the former, it is rare, the traditional" boredom "thought caused a hitherto unknown impact. This was the concept of litigation is the biggest difference in the characteristics of the Song Dynasty of preceding dynasties. Then, by folk legal proceedings during the two Song Dynasties frequently, until the development of" disputatiousness "is what? If private ownership form and commodity economy development. Exhibition is the main reason. What are the secondary causes of this phenomenon? What are their respective functions? The author wrote this thesis with such questions and intentions, and divided it into three parts: to elaborate and demonstrate:
The first part, from an objective historical perspective on the social custom of litigation before the Song Dynasty of the general overview. This part first defines the meaning of the lawsuit idea, litigation status of the folk song before the second make targeted and representative, to pave the way for the particularity of the litigation idea discussed below in Song Dynasty.
The second part is mainly about the folk "two song disputatiousness" phenomenon from the perspective of social class, to has the representative from the description of the concept of litigation and its performance of the ruling class and the class of people. This article refers to the song of the ruling class composed of officials, the emperor and the government officials. They pay more attention to the former than the generation of law, litigation, and more concerned about the sufferings of the people. Pay attention to the law from the emperor, the imperial examination law in the examination, an examination of the compulsory content, to the literati class focus on the study of law, by law, even starting from the people, can consciously do financial and human in the lawsuit process, cut into one place, reflects the ruling class to law is different from other feudal dynasties changed. People class "materialistic" to dispute rampant and study law, "like litigation, For every book, every famous person. All secrets, have taken to permit litigation is the former does not appear too. The relationship between people and people dispute reflected the increasingly diversified trend, on the one hand, people still can not get rid of the feudal principles advocated by the "trouble phase shirts" the old customs intersect, on the other hand, in the face of a growing economic relationship, pay more attention to their own interests, once their interests are infringed, the dispute is like "Weilishiqu, can hardly be avoided, for the field of less than one mu, more than a few years of Litigation --" the phenomenon in the song Dynasty especially the folk of Southern Song Dynasty is very common.
The third part is mainly from the economy, the government is the dominant ideology of Northern Song Dynasty rulers, utilitarian school claims, evidence of the rise of the study of the four aspects of the multi angle on the forming reasons of the tendency of "disputartiousness", mining and multidimensional analysis. Firstly, the development of private ownership economy form and the commodity economy is the main reason for the change and direct reasons, can be summarized as "material premise"; secondly, the rulers "attention management" rule is the indirect cause, but also the "institutional environment"; thirdly, utilitarian school objected their "giri life" talk and Zhu Xi "thought of justice, and destroying human desires", people of all classes should advocate the country "and the service actually extremely to the" common "in the world of suffering, the world of" the theory, I think the most important reason on the formation of disputartiousness visual folk, but also The theory of "support"; finally, with the progress of science and technology, the evidence system has epoch-making change in the two Song Dynasties, in addition to the traditional evidence, physical evidence and documentary evidence to the widespread use of expertise of forensic identification and collection of evidence tends to mature, to provide a realistic possibility for disputartiousness wave of the rise of the author as the science and technology, it can also be defined as "technology driven".

【學位授予單位】：西南政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D929;D925

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