本文選題：明清 + 學(xué)術(shù)�。� 參考：《中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：自宋至清的一千多年里,儒醫(yī)的數(shù)量不斷增長(zhǎng),其臨床聲譽(yù)和學(xué)術(shù)影響力都日趨增大,逐漸成為中醫(yī)史上的重要群體。由于大量傳世醫(yī)著出自儒醫(yī)之手,顯然,儒學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)思想、研究方法發(fā)展,與時(shí)代思潮的流變,會(huì)對(duì)中醫(yī)思想學(xué)術(shù)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重要影響。這種影響在明清時(shí)期的儒醫(yī)著作中表現(xiàn)的尤為明顯。從1368年洪武開(kāi)國(guó),到1911年辛亥革命,明清兩朝544年歷史,是我國(guó)古代思想文化史極大繁榮,學(xué)術(shù)輝煌發(fā)展的時(shí)代。這五百余年中,不但經(jīng)史之學(xué)成就斐然,中醫(yī)學(xué)也取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展�！秱摗纷鳛橹嗅t(yī)史領(lǐng)域的重要經(jīng)典,其至高無(wú)上的學(xué)術(shù)地位即奠定于明清時(shí)期,而關(guān)于傷寒學(xué)的理論和臨床研究也在這時(shí)達(dá)到了極大繁榮。本文根據(jù)明清時(shí)期的傷寒學(xué)研究的內(nèi)在學(xué)術(shù)理路變遷,將這五百余年的《傷寒論》研究情況大致劃分為明前期、明中晚期、清初、乾嘉時(shí)期四個(gè)階段,通過(guò)以儒學(xué)為代表的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)學(xué)術(shù)史視角,對(duì)每個(gè)階段的代表醫(yī)家及其學(xué)術(shù)思想做出內(nèi)史層面的歸納總結(jié),考察階段之間的內(nèi)在承接與轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,亦嘗試從外史的角度分析其學(xué)術(shù)成就與當(dāng)時(shí)主流學(xué)術(shù)風(fēng)氣、社會(huì)思潮及社會(huì)文化現(xiàn)象之間的關(guān)系及相互影響情況。明前期是傷寒學(xué)術(shù)研究的整理與開(kāi)創(chuàng)階段。這一時(shí)期的醫(yī)家繼承了“金元四大家”的學(xué)術(shù)思路影響,同時(shí)探索并開(kāi)辟了明清傷寒學(xué)術(shù)的新思路。從《傷寒論》的學(xué)術(shù)研究理路看,王履可謂是金元與明清的“承上啟下人”。他較早提出“以法類(lèi)證”研究《傷寒論》,并對(duì)王叔和、林億等人整理編校的《傷寒論》原文內(nèi)容、順序提出質(zhì)疑,開(kāi)創(chuàng)了明清傷寒學(xué)派“錯(cuò)簡(jiǎn)重訂”與“維護(hù)舊論”的數(shù)百年?duì)庿Q。許宏的《金鏡內(nèi)臺(tái)方議》,是對(duì)《傷寒論》做出方劑學(xué)研究的重要嘗試,通過(guò)以方類(lèi)證的體裁對(duì)經(jīng)方做了詳細(xì)的分類(lèi)和闡述,通過(guò)探討經(jīng)方的組成特點(diǎn),闡釋《傷寒論》的辨證用藥規(guī)律。其嚴(yán)整的理論性建立在追本溯源、聯(lián)系臨床的基礎(chǔ)上,與金元諸醫(yī)的學(xué)術(shù)風(fēng)格迥然不同。劉純師將宋儒精研易學(xué)的理論成就引入醫(yī)理考述,形成了自己獨(dú)特的學(xué)術(shù)體系。他重視醫(yī)案,以臨床病情和方藥運(yùn)用為例,闡述方證關(guān)系,對(duì)明代以后的醫(yī)學(xué)理論和實(shí)踐有重要影響。總體上,這一時(shí)期的《傷寒論》研究體現(xiàn)出承上啟下的特點(diǎn),一方面對(duì)金元時(shí)期諸醫(yī)家爭(zhēng)鳴做出歸納總結(jié),一方面產(chǎn)生新的學(xué)術(shù)關(guān)注點(diǎn),嘗試新的研究思路,從方法上和觀點(diǎn)上,都開(kāi)辟了后世傷寒學(xué)研究的先河。明中晚期是傷寒學(xué)術(shù)研究的重構(gòu)與變革時(shí)期�！秱摗返膶W(xué)術(shù)地位進(jìn)一步提高,醫(yī)家在語(yǔ)句注疏、文義考證之外,對(duì)其內(nèi)在邏輯系統(tǒng)的解釋和重構(gòu)產(chǎn)生濃厚興趣。這一時(shí)期,主流學(xué)術(shù)史上的重大事件是“心學(xué)”對(duì)“理學(xué)”的對(duì)抗和消解。儒學(xué)中的質(zhì)疑與重構(gòu)之風(fēng)影響到醫(yī)家,促進(jìn)了醫(yī)家對(duì)《傷寒論》的歸納、質(zhì)疑和深入探討。方有執(zhí)提出“錯(cuò)簡(jiǎn)論”,并創(chuàng)三綱鼎立說(shuō),影響極大。其觀點(diǎn)在后世醫(yī)家中引起了巨大的爭(zhēng)論,掀起了傷寒學(xué)研究的新高潮。王肯堂的《傷寒證治準(zhǔn)繩》對(duì)傷寒學(xué)的補(bǔ)充主要體現(xiàn)在疾病、癥狀、診斷、方劑四個(gè)方面。王肯堂的《傷寒證治準(zhǔn)繩》乃至整個(gè)“準(zhǔn)繩”系列叢書(shū),是以傷寒方為主來(lái)討論、整理內(nèi)科學(xué)的嘗試,將《傷寒論》條文和證治的內(nèi)容豐富化、充實(shí)化。張介賓的《景岳全書(shū)·傷寒典》見(jiàn)解獨(dú)到,以陰陽(yáng)虛實(shí)的多層次、多角度反復(fù)論述,深化并完善傷寒學(xué)的理論體系研究,并將溫病熱病、補(bǔ)法溫法等充實(shí)到傷寒學(xué)的診療體系中,豐富和發(fā)展傷寒學(xué)的診療思路。這一時(shí)期的傷寒學(xué)研究,以理論化、系統(tǒng)化追求為主要特點(diǎn),在臨床運(yùn)用方面則呈現(xiàn)出豐富與多元的嘗試。清初是傷寒學(xué)研究的反思與深入期,明清鼎革后,許多士人遁跡山林,他們對(duì)明末學(xué)風(fēng)的反思也體現(xiàn)在這一時(shí)期的醫(yī)學(xué)研究中,注重實(shí)學(xué),開(kāi)辟求知新路徑,經(jīng)世守身并重,理學(xué)回歸等學(xué)術(shù)思潮對(duì)《傷寒論》理論研究的進(jìn)一步深化有積極影響。同時(shí)這一時(shí)期《傷寒論》文字考據(jù)研究也發(fā)展起來(lái)�！渡姓撈肥怯鞑钪匾膫畬W(xué)術(shù)成果,其主要學(xué)術(shù)貢獻(xiàn)是對(duì)傷寒學(xué)術(shù)理論系統(tǒng)化,清初《傷寒論》在中醫(yī)思想學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域地位達(dá)到空前高度,與喻昌的努力分不開(kāi)。張志聰十分注重傳統(tǒng)哲學(xué)的思辨分析,以陰陽(yáng)虛實(shí),經(jīng)氣交會(huì),上下調(diào)和等方式來(lái)建立病機(jī)病因辨析。黃元御的將傷寒中的六經(jīng)病分為太陽(yáng)經(jīng)絡(luò)表病與其它五經(jīng)臟腑里病兩部分,同時(shí)又以六氣統(tǒng)一營(yíng)衛(wèi)氣血與六經(jīng)辨證,將五運(yùn)六氣與傷寒六病的緊密結(jié)合,較為系統(tǒng)的整理出一套在臨床上行之有效的理論學(xué)說(shuō),其對(duì)于糾正金元以來(lái)中醫(yī)門(mén)派林立、各執(zhí)一端的時(shí)弊有重要意義。乾嘉時(shí)期的《傷寒論》研究,隨著考據(jù)學(xué)風(fēng)的興盛達(dá)到了全盛,并很快衰退。《醫(yī)宗金鑒》是清代官修欽定的醫(yī)學(xué)叢書(shū),由清高宗倡議,官方主導(dǎo),匯集百余位醫(yī)家編纂而成,是清代最重要的醫(yī)學(xué)成就之一。該書(shū)旗幟鮮明地提出,醫(yī)生教學(xué)應(yīng)當(dāng)也只能以《傷寒論》為最基本、最重要的經(jīng)典。這是對(duì)《傷寒論》學(xué)術(shù)地位的極大肯定。徐大椿的《傷寒類(lèi)方》對(duì)《傷寒論》按照“不類(lèi)經(jīng)而類(lèi)方”的原則重加整理,比柯琴更徹底地?cái)[脫了六經(jīng)分類(lèi),直接以方類(lèi)證,闡發(fā)經(jīng)旨。陳念祖在傷寒學(xué)術(shù)研究上的主張,主要是肯定王叔和編訂的《傷寒論》原貌,認(rèn)同成無(wú)己的注釋具有高度學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值�！秱t(yī)訣串解》是他一生精研傷寒學(xué)術(shù)的精要。在“維護(hù)舊論”的大背景下,對(duì)傷寒論的理論脈絡(luò)做了學(xué)術(shù)梳理,形成自己獨(dú)有的傷寒學(xué)術(shù)體系。中醫(yī)傷寒一脈至此蔚為大觀。
[Abstract]:In the one thousand years of the song and Qing Dynasties, the number of Confucian doctors has been increasing, its clinical reputation and academic influence are increasing, and gradually become an important group in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. Because of the large number of doctors from Confucianism, it is obvious that the academic thought of Confucianism, the development of research methods and the evolution of the trend of thought of the times will develop the academic development of traditional Chinese medicine. The influence of this influence was particularly evident in the Confucian classics of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From the opening of Hongwu in 1368 to the revolution of 1911 in 1911 and the two dynasties of Ming and Qing Dynasties, the history of Chinese ancient thought and culture was flourishing and the academic brilliance developed. In these five hundred years, not only the achievements of history and traditional Chinese medicine have been achieved, but the traditional Chinese medicine has also been obtained. As an important classic in the history of traditional Chinese medicine, the supreme academic status of the theory of typhoid fever is established in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the theoretical and clinical studies on typhoid fever have also reached a great prosperity. This article, based on the internal learning of the study of typhoid fever in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, has made these five hundred years of "the theory of typhoid fever" The research situation is divided into four stages in the early Ming Dynasty, the late Ming and the late Ming Dynasty, the early Qing Dynasty and the Qianlong and Jiaqing period. Through the traditional Chinese academic history, represented by Confucianism, the author sums up the internal history level of the representative doctors and their academic thoughts in each stage. The relationship between the academic achievements and the prevailing academic atmosphere, the social trend of thought and the social and cultural phenomena and the interaction between them. The early stage was the arrangement and initiation stage of the academic research on typhoid fever. The doctors of this period inherited the influence of the academic thought of "Jin Yuan four", and explored and opened new ideas for the learning of typhoid fever in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In view of the academic study of the theory of "Treatise on typhoid fever", Wang Lv is a "inheriting man" in Jin Yuan and Ming and Qing Dynasty. He earlier proposed the study of "the theory of law of law", "Treatise on typhoid fever", and questioned the order of the original content of "the treatise of Typhon", which was compiled and edited by Wang Shuhe, Lin Yi and others, and created the "reordering of the error reduction" and "maintaining the old theory" of the Ming and Qing School of typhoid fever. For hundreds of years, Xu Hong's "TaiFang discussion in the golden mirror" is an important attempt to make a prescription for the study of the theory of "Treatise on typhoid fever". Through a detailed classification and exposition of the prescriptions based on the genre of square syndrome, by discussing the composition characteristics of the classics, the law of the syndrome differentiation of "the theory of typhoid fever" is explained. On the basis of this, it is quite different from the academic style of Jin and Yuan Zhu. Liu Chun Shi introduced the theoretical achievements of the song Jing Jing Jing Yi Xue to the medical science examination and formed his own unique academic system. He paid attention to the medical case, took the clinical condition and the prescription of prescription as an example, expounded the relation of the prescription, and had an important influence on the medical theory and practice after the Ming Dynasty. The study of "the theory of typhoid fever" in the first period embodies the characteristics of the preceding and the following. On the one hand, it makes a summary of the contention of all the doctors in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. On the one hand, it produces a new academic concern and attempts a new research idea. Both methods and views have opened up the first river of research on typhoid fever. The middle and late Ming Dynasty is the reconstruction and reform of the academic research of typhoid fever. The academic status of the theory of "typhoid fever" has been further improved. In addition to the annotation of sentences and textual textual criticism, doctors have a strong interest in the interpretation and reconstruction of the internal logic system. In this period, the major event in the mainstream academic history is the confrontation and digestion of "the philosophy" to "science". We have entered into the induction, question and deep discussion of the theory of "the theory of typhoid fever". Fang has put forward the theory of "error reduction", and creates a three outline and great influence. Its viewpoint has caused great controversy in later physicians and set off a new climax in the study of typhoid fever. Four aspects: Wang Ketang's < typhoid syndrome and treatment guidelines > and even the whole "line" series of books, which are mainly discussed by the typhoid party, collate the attempts of the internal medicine, enrich and enrich the contents of the treatise on typhoid fever and the treatment of the syndrome. Zhang Jiebin's "Jing Yue whole book, typhoid code >" is unique in many levels and multiple angles of yin and Yang. To deepen and improve the study of the theoretical system of typhoid fever, and to enrich and develop the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever in the diagnosis and treatment system of typhoid fever, and enrich and develop the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever. The study of typhoid fever in this period is characterized by theoretical and systematic pursuit, and presents rich and diverse attempts in clinical application. In the early Qing Dynasty, the study of typhoid fever was reflected and deepened. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many scholars fled to the mountain forest. Their reflection on the study style of the late Ming Dynasty was also reflected in the medical research of this period. At the same time, "Shang Han theory > text textual research also developed." Shang Wen > is the most important febrile academic achievement of Yu Chang. Its main academic contribution is to systematize the academic theory of typhoid fever. The position of "Shang Han theory >" in the academic field of traditional Chinese medicine has reached an unprecedented height in the early Qing Dynasty. It is inseparable from the efforts of Yu Chang. Zhang Zhicong pays great attention to the tradition. The speculative analysis of philosophy is to distinguish between yin yang deficiency and reality, the meridian intersection, the down regulation and the way to establish the pathogenesis of the disease. The six meridian diseases of Huang Yuan Royal are divided into two parts of the sun meridian surface disease and the other five meridian viscera diseases. At the same time, the six Qi and the Qi and Wei Qi blood and the six meridians are identified, and the five transport and six gas and the typhoid six diseases are closely combined. A set of theoretical theories which were effective in clinical practice had been made for the system. It was of great significance to the correction of the traditional Chinese medicine school since the Jin Yuan Dynasty. The study of "the theory of typhoid fever" in the period of Qianlong and Jiaqing has reached its heyday with the prosperity of the study style. It is one of the most important medical achievements of the Qing Dynasty, which is one of the most important medical achievements in the Qing Dynasty. The principle of "no analogy" and "class square" was put forward to get rid of the classification of the six classics more thoroughly than that of the six classics. Under the background of "maintaining the old theory", the theoretical context of the theory of typhoid fever was combed and the unique academic system of typhoid fever was formed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：R222.2

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本文編號(hào)：2034424