本文關鍵詞：正義思想研究：馬克思與蘇格蘭啟蒙學派　出處：《華東師范大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

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【摘要】：在人類思想發(fā)展的長河中,正義思想不斷地得以演化,從希臘的城邦正義到蘇格蘭啟蒙學派的德性正義再到馬克思的激進正義體現(xiàn)了這種演化的理論脈絡,盡管“正義”在不同歷史階段、不同學派和不同學者那里,其的界定都有所不同,但其發(fā)展脈絡并非模棱兩可。蘇格蘭啟蒙學派作為整個歐洲啟蒙運動重要的一支,其對“德性正義”的描述視角,已經(jīng)擺脫了以往單純地從道德價值入手,而是融合了歷史學和社會學的現(xiàn)實思想。譬如,斯密在《國富論》中對作為商業(yè)社會主體的“經(jīng)濟人”進行了大量的經(jīng)驗描述,并率先跳出富人德尚致富,窮人德劣致貧的理論框架。這種現(xiàn)實視角為馬克思所采納和改進,它集中體現(xiàn)在馬克思對蘇格蘭啟蒙學者的勞動分工概念、市民社會概念和歷史的經(jīng)驗分析法的運用和改進。通過這一現(xiàn)實視角,馬克思完成了對社會不公現(xiàn)象的深入批判,并完善了歷史唯物主義理論。本文試圖以正義思想為視角窺視馬克思正義思想中蘇格蘭啟蒙學派的影響因素。首先,在對“馬克思與蘇格蘭啟蒙學派”正義思想的國內外研究現(xiàn)狀的基礎之上,深入考察啟蒙之前及發(fā)展時期的正義思想。在這一部分可以清晰地看到古希臘的正義理念從經(jīng)歷了從神義到德性這種由外而內的轉變,而在羅馬時期到中世紀,同樣概念也非恒定不變,這一時期基于政治實踐的架構推進了概念的演變。到了啟蒙發(fā)展時期,正義理念已經(jīng)在諸多學者中被引向了與國家權力、市民階級、政治自由以及財產(chǎn)權相關聯(lián)了,從而完全建立起現(xiàn)代性視域中的正義探討框架。第二部分,在啟蒙現(xiàn)代性的正義理念的框架下,挖掘蘇格蘭啟蒙學派的正義思想資源。通過哈奇森基于道德感的正義、休謨的人為德性的正義、斯密基于差異的分配正義,一一展示蘇格蘭啟蒙學派思想家雖然從道德的角度意圖建立的規(guī)范性的正義理念,但更多的結合社會、歷史與經(jīng)濟的現(xiàn)實,從而展開在一個現(xiàn)代市場經(jīng)濟中如何持有道德、正義的追問。第三部分則聚焦馬克思的正義理念。從“伍德與胡薩米之爭”引出現(xiàn)有的關于馬克思正義理解的基本看法,然后從“剝削與正義”、“國家與正義”總體上去界定理解馬克思正義的視角。進而立足馬克思的文本解讀馬克思正義理念在各個時期的理解。由此確立,馬克思的正義思想并非單向度的,而是辯證的,既有批判資本邏輯、立足按需分配的的正義理念,也有推進資本發(fā)展的文明一面的正義理念。最后,論文主要是通過勞動分工、市民社會、分析方法來對比,處理了“馬克思與蘇格蘭啟蒙學派”之間正義理念的不同之處,以及相似或者說傳承變革的關系。本論文嘗試探討的主題,其價值在于：一方面,它有利于從思想史中把握正義概念的發(fā)展脈絡；另一方面,它有助于進一步理解蘇格蘭啟蒙學派和馬克思各自的正義思想,從而為克服當今中國社會發(fā)展中遭遇的社會不公現(xiàn)象提供一定的學理價值和現(xiàn)實啟示。同時,它也將有助于進一步厘清當代西方馬克思主義學者對馬克思正義思想的某些誤解,即過分強調馬克思正義思想的價值層面而忽視了其現(xiàn)實層面。另外,從正義的“共時性”和“歷時性”雙重特質來解讀馬克思主義的正義思想,將有利于反駁馬克思關于未來共產(chǎn)主義社會構想是一種烏托邦邏輯的錯誤觀念,從而真正認識和正確理解馬克思正義思想的理論實質和現(xiàn)實意義。
[Abstract]:In the long history of human thought, justice thought constantly evolution, from the Greek polis justice to Scotland School of Enlightenment of virtue justice to justice Marx's radical embodies the theoretical context of this evolution, although the "justice" in different historical periods, different schools and scholars there, its definition has different, but its development is not ready to accept either course. Scotland School of enlightenment as a branch of the European Enlightenment, the "justice of virtue" to describe the perspective, have to get rid of the past simply into the hand from the moral value, but the convergence of the reality of ideological history and sociology. For example, in "the wealth of nations as to Smith the main body of the commercial society of" economic man "in" made a lot of experience, and the first to jump out of the rich rich Deschamps, the theoretical framework of the poor de poverty. In this reality as the inferior angle of Mark Thinking of the adoption and improvement, it is embodied in the Marx of Scotland enlightenment scholars division of labor concept, using and improving the public experience of social concept and historical analysis method. Through the perspective of reality, Marx completed a thorough critique of social injustice, and perfecting the theory of historical materialism. This paper attempts to justice for the influence factors of Marx's idea of justice in Scotland from the perspective of a school of enlightenment. First of all, based on the domestic and foreign research status of Marx and Scotland School of enlightenment "idea of justice, justice thought in-depth study and development of enlightenment before period. In this part, we can see clearly the concept of justice in ancient Greece from experience from God to virtue the change from outside to inside, and in the Rome period to the middle ages, the same concept is not constant, this period based on political practice The architecture to promote the evolution of the concept. The Enlightenment period of development, the concept of justice has been to the citizen class and state power in many scholars, political freedom and Property Rights Association, so as to fully establish in the modern view of justice framework. The second part, the concept of justice in the framework of Modern Enlightenment under the idea of justice resources in Scotland mining School of enlightenment. Through Hutcheson's moral sense of justice based on Hume's artificial virtue of justice, distributive justice Simiji in difference, one shows the Scotland School of thought enlightenment although from the perspective of moral intent to establish normative concept of justice, but more with the social, historical and the economic reality, thus how morality is held in a modern market economy, justice and justice inquiry. The third part focuses on Marx from "Wood and Hu. Sami dispute "raises the basic views on justice Marx understand the existing, and then from the" exploitation and justice "," state and justice "to define the overall understanding of Marx's justice perspective. Then on the basis of Marx's text interpretation of Marx's concept of justice in various stages of understanding. Thus established, Marx's theory of justice is not unidirectional, it is dialectical, there is criticism of capital logic, based on the distribution according to need of the idea of justice, but also to promote the development of capital civilization and justice side. Finally, paper is mainly through the division of labor, civil society, comparison analysis method, the difference between Marx and Scotland School of enlightenment" the idea of justice well, or similar relationship changes. This paper attempts to explore the theme, its value lies in: on the one hand, it is helpful to grasp the concept of justice from the history of thought Development concept; on the other hand, it is helpful to further understand the justice thought of the Scotland School of enlightenment and Marx, so as to provide certain theoretical value and practical implications for today's society to overcome China encountered in the development of social inequality. At the same time, it will also help to further clarify some misunderstandings in Contemporary Western Marx "scholars on Marx's thoughts of justice, that is too much emphasis on the value of the level of Marx's thoughts of justice and ignore the reality. In addition, the justice from the" synchronic and diachronic "dual characteristics to interpret Marx's thought of justice, will be beneficial to refute Marx about the future communist society is a kind of Utopian conception the logic of the wrong idea, the essence of the theory to recognize and correct understanding of Marx's thoughts of justice and practical significance.

【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：B03
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本文編號：1413643