【摘要】：散裝生鮮乳消費(fèi)在我國(guó)目前的畜產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)管體系下是一個(gè)特有的領(lǐng)域,但是,在歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和其他許多國(guó)家不存在散裝生鮮乳銷(xiāo)售環(huán)節(jié)。因此,現(xiàn)階段如何做好散裝生鮮乳銷(xiāo)售環(huán)節(jié)的監(jiān)管具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和作用,本文以散裝生鮮乳銷(xiāo)售環(huán)節(jié)的衛(wèi)生質(zhì)量安全檢測(cè)為主要研究?jī)?nèi)容開(kāi)展相關(guān)研究。對(duì)伊寧市8個(gè)售奶站進(jìn)行調(diào)查、取樣并采用感官、理化和微生物等多種檢測(cè)、試驗(yàn)以及數(shù)據(jù)分析方法,對(duì)伊寧市生鮮乳的品質(zhì)和微生物污染情況做出分析和評(píng)估。本研究生鮮乳的感官檢測(cè)包括色澤、滋味、氣味、口感、組織狀態(tài)的常規(guī)項(xiàng)目檢查;理化性質(zhì)檢測(cè)包括蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪含量的測(cè)定(參照GB5009.4-2010和GB5413.3-2010方法測(cè)定)和體細(xì)胞數(shù)測(cè)定(采用牛奶體細(xì)胞自動(dòng)測(cè)定儀測(cè)定);主要微生物的測(cè)定包括菌落總數(shù)、大腸菌群數(shù)、芽孢菌數(shù)和耐熱芽孢菌數(shù)的含量測(cè)定(參照GB/T4789.2-2010和GB/T4789.3-2010方法測(cè)定)。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示:2014年6月到2015年5月期間伊寧市8個(gè)售奶站的生鮮乳在感官方面色澤、滋味、氣味均正常,且不存在凝塊、沉淀、肉眼可見(jiàn)異物現(xiàn)象;主要理化指標(biāo)中蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪含量分別處于2.98g/100 g~3.8 g/100 g之間和3.12 g/100 g~4.1 g/100 g之間,體細(xì)胞數(shù)處于40萬(wàn)/ml~92萬(wàn)/ml之間,且在不同季節(jié)隨著氣溫的升高售奶站奶樣中蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪含量均有所減少,而體細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯增加,甚至有50%的奶站奶樣中體細(xì)胞含量數(shù)超過(guò)國(guó)家規(guī)定限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)50萬(wàn)個(gè)/ml;主要微生物含量指標(biāo)菌落總數(shù)、大腸菌群數(shù)、芽孢菌數(shù)和耐熱芽孢菌數(shù)的含量分別為:3.08×105~8.48×105 cfu/ml、1.5×104~8.1×104 mpn/100 ml、21~75 cfu/ml和3~8 cfu/ml,均符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但散奶戶(hù)所銷(xiāo)售的生鮮乳中檢查出微生物的含量要明顯高于售奶站的鮮乳。研究結(jié)果表明,伊寧市8個(gè)奶站出售的生鮮乳從感官上均不存在異常;在不同季節(jié)隨著氣溫的升高售奶站奶樣中蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪含量均有所減少,蛋白質(zhì)減少最多達(dá)0.82 g/100 g、脂肪減少最多達(dá)0.98 g/100 g,而體細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯增加,甚至超標(biāo)達(dá)到92萬(wàn)/ml,提示奶農(nóng)應(yīng)注意加強(qiáng)環(huán)境溫度的控制,從一定程度上也反映出伊寧市奶牛乳房疾病(以隱性乳房炎為主)發(fā)病情況較嚴(yán)重,應(yīng)加以重視。主要微生物含量各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)整體均符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn),反映出伊寧市生鮮乳衛(wèi)生管控整體水平較高。
[Abstract]:Bulk fresh milk consumption is a special field under the current quality and safety supervision system of animal products in our country, but there is no sales link of bulk fresh milk in the developed countries of Europe and the United States and many other countries. Therefore, how to do a good job in the supervision of bulk raw milk sales at this stage has an important practical significance and role. In this paper, the hygiene quality and safety detection of bulk raw milk sales link as the main research content to carry out related research. The quality and microbial contamination of fresh milk in Yining city were analyzed and evaluated by means of sensory, physicochemical and microbiological detection, test and data analysis in 8 milk sales stations in Yining city. The sensory examination of fresh milk includes color, taste, smell, taste and tissue condition. The physical and chemical properties included the determination of protein and fat content (reference to GB5009.4-2010 and GB5413.3-2010 methods) and the determination of somatic cell number (determined by automatic milk somatic cell analyzer). The determination of main microorganisms included total colony, coliform group, spores and heat-resistant spores (as measured by GB/T4789.2-2010 and GB/T4789.3-2010). The results showed that the sensory color, taste and smell of fresh milk from 8 milk sales stations in Yining from June 2014 to May 2015 were normal, and there were no clots, precipitates and foreign bodies visible to the naked eyes. The contents of protein and fat in the main physicochemical indexes were between 3.8g and 3.12g / ml~ 920000 g / ml, respectively, and the somatic cells were in the range of 400000 / ml~ 920000 / ml. And in different seasons, the content of protein and fat in milk samples decreased with the increase of temperature, while the number of somatic cells increased obviously. Even 50% of milk samples in milk stations exceeded the national limit of 500000 / ml;. The total number of colonies, coliform group, spores and heat-resistant spores were 3.08 脳 105 ~ 8.48 脳 10 ~ 5 cfu/ml, 1.5 脳 10 ~ 4 ~ 8.1 脳 10 ~ 4 mpn/100 ml,21~75 cfu/ml and 3 ~ 8 cfu/ml, respectively. But the content of microorganism in fresh milk sold by bulk milk households was significantly higher than that of milk sales stations. The results showed that there were no sensory abnormalities in fresh milk sold at 8 milk stations in Yining. In different seasons, with the increase of temperature, the content of protein and fat in milk samples decreased, protein decreased up to 0.82g / 100g, fat decreased up to 0.98g / 100g, and the number of somatic cells increased obviously. Even exceeding the standard of 920000 / ml, suggested that dairy farmers should pay attention to strengthening the control of environmental temperature, and to some extent also reflected that the incidence of dairy cow breast diseases (mainly occult mastitis) in Yining was serious and should be paid attention to. The main microorganism content indexes all accord with the national standard, which reflects the high level of hygienic control of fresh milk in Yining.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：R155.5

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