濕球黑球溫度對高溫環(huán)境的適用性及安全熱暴露時長的研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-29 10:31
【摘要】：隨著社會文明程度的進(jìn)步，，勞動者的生產(chǎn)作業(yè)環(huán)境越來越受到重視，高溫環(huán)境對操作人員健康的直接危害及對作業(yè)安全的潛在威脅急需得到解決。熱暴露下人體生理指標(biāo)變化趨勢、安全熱暴露時長及對應(yīng)的生理指標(biāo)限值是評價熱負(fù)荷及人體熱應(yīng)激程度的主要依據(jù)。簡單、易計算且能準(zhǔn)確反映人體熱耐受能力的熱應(yīng)力評價指標(biāo)是人們一直在探尋的研究方向。本文通過實(shí)驗室實(shí)驗研究，對具有相同WBGT指數(shù)的干熱環(huán)境和濕熱環(huán)境兩種不同環(huán)境類型對人體造成的熱應(yīng)激情況進(jìn)行研究，以驗證WBGT指數(shù)對于我國勞動人群在這兩類環(huán)境中的適用性。 論文在人體熱平衡的理論基礎(chǔ)上對人體熱應(yīng)激變化的三個狀態(tài)階段進(jìn)行分析，人體熱應(yīng)激程度的變化過程可以根據(jù)人體能否維持熱平衡及生理參數(shù)是否超過安全限值分為三個狀態(tài)階段，分別為熱平衡狀態(tài)、緩慢蓄熱狀態(tài)、急劇蓄熱狀態(tài)。根據(jù)三大類指標(biāo)特點(diǎn)提出了將三大類指標(biāo)與人體熱應(yīng)激變化的三個狀態(tài)階段相結(jié)合的應(yīng)用策略：將間接反映生理熱應(yīng)激且安全限值相對保守但應(yīng)用便捷、易測的“經(jīng)驗型”指標(biāo)用于第一階段的評價，在熱負(fù)荷超過第一狀態(tài)階段限值時，將能直接反映生理熱應(yīng)激但相對復(fù)雜的“生理型”和“理論型”指標(biāo)應(yīng)用于第二狀態(tài)階段，當(dāng)生理熱應(yīng)激超過安全限值時則要求作業(yè)人員停止繼續(xù)高溫作業(yè)。 本實(shí)驗研究在人工氣候室中設(shè)計了三組實(shí)驗工況組，分別為在WBGT=26℃時進(jìn)行極高代謝水平活動，在WBGT=28℃時進(jìn)行高代謝率水平活動，在WBGT=30℃時進(jìn)行中代謝率水平活動。根據(jù)重慶市氣象特征，各工況組再分別控制相對濕度為30%和60%，從而營造干熱環(huán)境和濕熱環(huán)境的兩種對比工況。通過自愿原則篩選出長期從事體力勞動的男性參與所有工況實(shí)驗，共進(jìn)行了60人次的實(shí)驗。 通過對各工況組的干熱環(huán)境和濕熱環(huán)境之間生理參數(shù)的差異分別進(jìn)行顯著性檢驗，結(jié)果表明當(dāng)WBGT=30℃時，受試者在干熱環(huán)境下的直腸溫度顯著高于濕熱環(huán)境下的直腸溫度，當(dāng)WBGT=26℃時，受試者在干熱環(huán)境下的排汗速率顯著大于濕熱環(huán)境下的排汗速率，且所有工況組中受試者在干熱環(huán)境下皮膚溫度顯著高于濕熱環(huán)境下的皮膚溫度。以直腸溫度為38℃作為熱暴露安全閾值確定安全熱暴露時長TT，以心率閾值來確定安全熱暴露時長THR，取兩者較小值作為受試者持續(xù)作業(yè)時的安全熱暴露時長，且論文對各工況組兩類環(huán)境之間的熱暴露時長采用生存分析方法進(jìn)行差異性檢驗，結(jié)果表明：WBGT=30℃和28℃時工況組中兩類環(huán)境之間受試者的TT具有顯著差異，而各工況組中兩類環(huán)境之間的THR不存在顯著差異。 以上檢驗結(jié)果表明即使WBGT指數(shù)、代謝率及個體因素都相同時，相同的WBGT指數(shù)并不總能表征相同的熱負(fù)荷、生理熱應(yīng)激和安全熱暴露時長。相對于濕熱環(huán)境，相同的WBGT指數(shù)可能會低估干熱工況下的熱負(fù)荷和生理熱應(yīng)激，需在后期研究中針對不同高溫環(huán)境類型調(diào)整WBGT中黑球溫度和自然濕球溫度的權(quán)重系數(shù)。 此外，通過將本實(shí)驗工況與ISO7243和ACGIH持續(xù)工作的安全閾值曲線進(jìn)行比較可知，受試者的耐熱性并不一定比ISO7243和ACGIH以歐美人群實(shí)驗為基礎(chǔ)得出的耐熱性要高。且由確定的安全熱暴露時長可知，受試者在GB/T17244-1998中“差”等級高溫環(huán)境下活動時無法實(shí)現(xiàn)熱平衡和持續(xù)性勞動，因此，針對這類等級高溫環(huán)境下的作業(yè)應(yīng)該給出勞動者的安全熱暴露時長作為保護(hù)勞動者生理參數(shù)不超標(biāo)的參考�？稍诤笃谘芯恐袑Α昂谩薄ⅰ爸小钡燃壒r進(jìn)行研究，即可判斷出我國勞動者相比于歐美人群的耐熱性高低，并能確定適用于我國勞動者的WBGT-M安全限值曲線和安全熱暴露時長曲線。
[Abstract]:With the progress of social civilization, more and more attention has been paid to the working environment of workers. The direct harm of high temperature environment to operators'health and the potential threat to work safety need to be solved urgently. Simple, easy to calculate and accurately reflect the human thermal tolerance of thermal stress evaluation index is the research direction of people have been exploring. This paper through laboratory experiments, with the same WBGT index of dry and hot environment and humid and hot environment of two different types of environmental heat stress on human body caused by heat. A case study was conducted to verify the applicability of WBGT index to China's working population in these two environments.
Based on the theory of human thermal balance, this paper analyzes the three stages of human thermal stress change. The process of human thermal stress change can be divided into three stages according to whether the human body can maintain the thermal balance and whether the physiological parameters exceed the safety limit, namely, the state of thermal balance, the state of slow thermal storage and the state of rapid thermal storage. According to the characteristics of the three categories of indicators, the application strategy of combining the three categories of indicators with the three stages of human heat stress change is put forward. The "empirical" indicators, which indirectly reflect physiological heat stress and the safety limit is relatively conservative but convenient to use, are used in the evaluation of the first stage and are easy to measure when the heat load exceeds the first stage. The physiological and theoretical indexes, which can directly reflect physiological heat stress but are relatively complex, are applied to the second stage. When the physiological heat stress exceeds the safety limit, the workers are required to stop working at high temperature.
In this study, three groups of experimental conditions were designed in an artificial climate chamber. They were exceptionally high metabolic level activities at WBGT = 26 C, high metabolic rate activities at WBGT = 28 C, and medium metabolic rate activities at WBGT = 30 C. According to the meteorological characteristics of Chongqing, the relative humidity was controlled at 30% and 60% respectively. In order to create a dry-hot environment and a humid-hot environment of the two contrastive conditions, through the principle of voluntary selection of long-term manual labor of men to participate in all the working conditions of the experiment, a total of 60 experiments.
The results showed that the temperature of the rectum in the dry-hot environment was significantly higher than that in the humid-hot environment when WBGT was 30, and the sweating rate in the dry-hot environment was significantly higher than that in the humid-hot environment when WBGT was 26. The transpiration rate in the environment was significantly higher than that in the humid and hot environment in all working groups. The rectal temperature was 38 C as the safety threshold of thermal exposure to determine the safe thermal exposure time TT, and the heart rate threshold to determine the safe thermal exposure time THR. The results showed that there was significant difference in TT between the two environments at WBGT=30 C and 28 C, while there was no significant difference in THR between the two environments.
The above results show that the same WBGT index does not always represent the same heat load, physiological heat stress and safe heat exposure time even when the WBGT index, metabolic rate and individual factors are the same. The weight coefficients of black sphere temperature and natural wet bulb temperature in WBGT are adjusted for different types of high temperature environment.
In addition, by comparing the experimental conditions with the safety threshold curves of ISO7243 and ACGIH, we can see that the subjects'thermal tolerance is not necessarily higher than that of ISO7243 and ACGIH, which are based on the European and American population experiments. Thermal balance and persistent labor can not be achieved when working in warm environment. Therefore, the safe exposure time of workers should be given as a reference to protect the physiological parameters of workers. Compared with European and American people, the heat tolerance of the affected persons is higher and lower, and WBGT-M safety limit curve and safety heat exposure time curve suitable for Chinese workers can be determined.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：R134.3;X968
本文編號：2210930
[Abstract]:With the progress of social civilization, more and more attention has been paid to the working environment of workers. The direct harm of high temperature environment to operators'health and the potential threat to work safety need to be solved urgently. Simple, easy to calculate and accurately reflect the human thermal tolerance of thermal stress evaluation index is the research direction of people have been exploring. This paper through laboratory experiments, with the same WBGT index of dry and hot environment and humid and hot environment of two different types of environmental heat stress on human body caused by heat. A case study was conducted to verify the applicability of WBGT index to China's working population in these two environments.
Based on the theory of human thermal balance, this paper analyzes the three stages of human thermal stress change. The process of human thermal stress change can be divided into three stages according to whether the human body can maintain the thermal balance and whether the physiological parameters exceed the safety limit, namely, the state of thermal balance, the state of slow thermal storage and the state of rapid thermal storage. According to the characteristics of the three categories of indicators, the application strategy of combining the three categories of indicators with the three stages of human heat stress change is put forward. The "empirical" indicators, which indirectly reflect physiological heat stress and the safety limit is relatively conservative but convenient to use, are used in the evaluation of the first stage and are easy to measure when the heat load exceeds the first stage. The physiological and theoretical indexes, which can directly reflect physiological heat stress but are relatively complex, are applied to the second stage. When the physiological heat stress exceeds the safety limit, the workers are required to stop working at high temperature.
In this study, three groups of experimental conditions were designed in an artificial climate chamber. They were exceptionally high metabolic level activities at WBGT = 26 C, high metabolic rate activities at WBGT = 28 C, and medium metabolic rate activities at WBGT = 30 C. According to the meteorological characteristics of Chongqing, the relative humidity was controlled at 30% and 60% respectively. In order to create a dry-hot environment and a humid-hot environment of the two contrastive conditions, through the principle of voluntary selection of long-term manual labor of men to participate in all the working conditions of the experiment, a total of 60 experiments.
The results showed that the temperature of the rectum in the dry-hot environment was significantly higher than that in the humid-hot environment when WBGT was 30, and the sweating rate in the dry-hot environment was significantly higher than that in the humid-hot environment when WBGT was 26. The transpiration rate in the environment was significantly higher than that in the humid and hot environment in all working groups. The rectal temperature was 38 C as the safety threshold of thermal exposure to determine the safe thermal exposure time TT, and the heart rate threshold to determine the safe thermal exposure time THR. The results showed that there was significant difference in TT between the two environments at WBGT=30 C and 28 C, while there was no significant difference in THR between the two environments.
The above results show that the same WBGT index does not always represent the same heat load, physiological heat stress and safe heat exposure time even when the WBGT index, metabolic rate and individual factors are the same. The weight coefficients of black sphere temperature and natural wet bulb temperature in WBGT are adjusted for different types of high temperature environment.
In addition, by comparing the experimental conditions with the safety threshold curves of ISO7243 and ACGIH, we can see that the subjects'thermal tolerance is not necessarily higher than that of ISO7243 and ACGIH, which are based on the European and American population experiments. Thermal balance and persistent labor can not be achieved when working in warm environment. Therefore, the safe exposure time of workers should be given as a reference to protect the physiological parameters of workers. Compared with European and American people, the heat tolerance of the affected persons is higher and lower, and WBGT-M safety limit curve and safety heat exposure time curve suitable for Chinese workers can be determined.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：R134.3;X968
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