本文選題：營養(yǎng)政策 + 中小學生　； 參考：《中國疾病預防控制中心》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：研究背景兒童及青少年時期是生長發(fā)育的關鍵時期,營養(yǎng)不良對身體發(fā)育和認知有不良影響,造成體力不足,勞動能力降低、收入減少甚至導致貧困,而貧困也會進一步惡化營養(yǎng)狀況,從而形成營養(yǎng)不良和貧困之間的惡性循環(huán)。兒童的營養(yǎng)狀況是衡量一個國家社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重要指標。從經(jīng)濟角度看,當營養(yǎng)和微量元素攝入不足時,會導致誘發(fā)各種疾病,免疫力下降,影響智力的發(fā)育和勞動的能力,這些直接損失估計約占全球國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的2-3%,根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的研究,若兒童營養(yǎng)不良問題得以解決,可以減輕發(fā)展中國家1/3的疾病負擔。《2016全球營養(yǎng)報告》也直接指出:由于營養(yǎng)不良,非洲和亞洲每年將流失11%的GDP,年度全球GDP流失額則超過了 2008-2010年金融危機時期。我國兒童營養(yǎng)水平因地域、人群、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展不均衡的差異性,與眾多發(fā)展中國家一樣存在兒童營養(yǎng)不良的“雙重負擔”,根據(jù)《中國居民營養(yǎng)與慢性病狀況報告(2015年)》顯示,2012年我國6-17歲兒童青少年生長遲緩率為3.2%,消瘦率為9.0%,與此同時6-17歲兒童青少年超重率為9.6%,肥胖率為6.4%。營養(yǎng)不良是可有效預防和控制的,中小學生群體因為其集中在校學習的優(yōu)勢,相比起窗口期和學齡前期的兒童前者的零散特性,中小學生群體更易于實施干預、教育和管理,人員和費用相對于前者投入少,干預效果更為顯著。目前世界各國都制定中小學生營養(yǎng)的政策并和實施了相關的改善和干預項目,并取得了一定效果。中國學齡兒童營養(yǎng)政策的制定和執(zhí)行處于起步階段,目前尚落后于發(fā)達國家。我國可借鑒其他國家政策制定和項目實施的豐富經(jīng)驗,進一步改善兒童營養(yǎng)狀況,促進經(jīng)濟和社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展。研究內(nèi)容本研究就以下5個方面對國內(nèi)外相關營養(yǎng)政策進行詳細分析:(1)中小學生學校供餐的發(fā)展情況和成效;(2)中小學生學校供奶的發(fā)展情況和成效;(3)中小學生校園不健康食品售賣監(jiān)管情況;(4)中小學生兒童食品廣告監(jiān)管情況;(5)中小學生營養(yǎng)健康教育開展情況。研究方法本研究主要采用文獻研究法。中文政策研究主要檢索相關政府機構官網(wǎng)、知網(wǎng)、萬方、維普等數(shù)據(jù)庫,外文政策研究主要檢索該國相關政府機構官網(wǎng)、Google Scholar、Mendeley、PubMed、Springer Link、Science Direct、ProQuest等數(shù)據(jù)庫,國際組織政策研究主要檢索該組織官網(wǎng)作為檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫。研究結果為了確保營養(yǎng)餐的順利實施,大多國家政府部門都專門立法,在法律層次上對學生營養(yǎng)午餐提出了具體要求。各國學生飲用奶計劃中,基本都有政府參與,政府在提供財政補貼、立法、制定指南等方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。學生奶順利推行的國家大多有來自政府的財政支持。目前對校園售賣不健康食品進行監(jiān)管的國家大多為發(fā)達國家。其中有些國家僅出具指導性建議,有些國家則禁止出售不健康食品;不同國家采取的監(jiān)管措施也不一樣,有些國家不允許學生在校食用不健康食品,有些國家則從不健康食品販售入手對此進行監(jiān)管。西方發(fā)達國家對于中小學生兒童食品廣告監(jiān)管方面相關法規(guī)較為成熟。針對中小學生的食品廣告監(jiān)管多為限制酒精制品,也有國家涉及高脂高糖食品及其他不健康的食品,還有些國家對危險進食方式也進行限制。目前世界范圍內(nèi)部分國家注意到對兒童及青少年進行營養(yǎng)健康教育的重要性,將營養(yǎng)及健康教育課程加入到普通課程中。結論本文通過全面分析和比較國內(nèi)中小學生的營養(yǎng)政策和干預項目,發(fā)現(xiàn):1.我國缺乏針對兒童及青少年的營養(yǎng)法規(guī)及管理機制。2.對于中小學生的營養(yǎng)餐、供奶都沒有形成完善的體系,目前還處于嘗試階段。3.對于校園不健康食品售賣尚無監(jiān)管機制;對于兒童食品廣告沒有專門的法規(guī)對此進行規(guī)范,廣告商自律性亦不佳。4.中小學生的健康教育課程沒有納入普通課程的體系,對中小學生關于營養(yǎng)及健康膳食的教育還是遠遠不夠的。
[Abstract]:Background children and adolescents are the key period of growth and development. Malnutrition has adverse effects on physical development and cognition, resulting in inadequate physical strength, reduced labor capacity, reduced income and even poverty, and poverty will further deteriorate nutritional status, thus forming a vicious cycle between malnutrition and poverty. Children's camp It is an important indicator to measure the social and economic development of a country. From an economic point of view, when the intake of nutrients and trace elements is insufficient, it can lead to various diseases, the decrease of immunity and the ability to affect the development and labor of intelligence. These direct losses are estimated to be about 2-3% of the global gross domestic product (GDP), according to the WHO If the problem of children's malnutrition is solved, the.<2016 global nutrition report on the disease burden of 1/3 in developing countries will be reduced. It is also pointed out directly that, because of malnutrition, Africa and Asia will lose 11% of GDP each year, and the annual global GDP loss is over 2008-2010 years of financial crisis. The disequilibrium of the population, the disequilibrium of economic development, and the "double burden" of children's dystrophy in many developing countries. According to the report of Chinese residents' nutrition and chronic diseases (2015), the growth retardation rate of 6-17 year old children and adolescents in China is 3.2%, the rate of emaciation is 9%, while 6-17 year old children and adolescents are overweight. The rate of 9.6%, the obesity rate of 6.4%. dystrophy can be effectively prevented and controlled. The primary and middle school students are more prone to intervention, education and management than the former in the window and pre school children because of their centralized learning advantages, and the intervention effect is less than the former. At present, all countries in the world have formulated the policy of primary and middle school students' nutrition and the implementation of related improvement and intervention projects, and achieved some results. The formulation and implementation of the nutrition policy of Chinese school-age children is in the initial stage, and it is still behind the developed countries. Experience, further improve the nutritional status of children and promote the sustainable development of economy and society. The research content of the study on the following 5 aspects of the domestic and foreign relevant nutrition policy in detail: (1) the development and effectiveness of school feeding for primary and secondary school students; (2) the development and effectiveness of primary and secondary school milk for primary and secondary school students; (3) primary and secondary school students are not healthy Health food sales supervision situation; (4) the supervision of children's food advertising in primary and middle school children; (5) the development of nutritional health education for primary and middle school students. The research methods mainly adopt the literature research method. The Chinese policy research mainly searches the relevant government network, the net, the Wanfang, the VIP and so on, and the foreign policy research mainly searches the related countries. Government offices, Google Scholar, Mendeley, PubMed, Springer Link, Science Direct, ProQuest and other databases, international organization policy research mainly retrieves the organization's official network as a retrieval database. Most countries have an important role in providing financial subsidies, legislation and guidelines. Most countries with the smooth implementation of the students' milk have financial support from the government. Most of the countries that sell unhealthy food on campus are mostly issued. Some countries have only issued guidance advice, some countries prohibit the sale of unhealthy food; the regulatory measures taken by different countries are different, some countries do not allow students to eat unhealthy food in school, and some countries do not supervise the sale of healthy food in some countries. The regulation of food advertising for children is more mature. The regulation of food advertising for primary and secondary students is mostly restricted to alcoholic products. There are also countries involving high fat and high sugar food and other unhealthy food, and some countries also restrict the way of dangerous food. The importance of nutrition and health education, nutrition and health education courses are added to the general curriculum. Conclusion through the comprehensive analysis and comparison of domestic primary and secondary school nutrition policy and intervention projects, we found that: 1. China lacks nutrition regulations and management mechanism for children and adolescents,.2. for primary and secondary school nutrition food, milk for all There is no perfect system, and at present, there is no regulatory mechanism for the sale of unhealthy food on campus, and there is no regulatory mechanism for the sale of unhealthy food on campus. There is no special regulation for children's food advertising. The self-discipline of the advertisers is not good and the health education course of the primary and middle school students is not included in the general curriculum system, and the primary and middle school students are not included in the health education course, and the primary and middle school students are concerned about the nutrition of the.3.. And the education of healthy meals is still far from enough.

【學位授予單位】：中國疾病預防控制中心
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：R153.2

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