【摘要】：抽象是生物體認(rèn)識(shí)世界和感知世界所必須的一項(xiàng)高級(jí)的認(rèn)知功能,即從具體的,復(fù)雜的事物中總結(jié)內(nèi)在的規(guī)律,從而抽取出一個(gè)普遍存在的共性。對(duì)于動(dòng)物來(lái)說(shuō),這一能力是它們生存的需要,從而可以從復(fù)雜多變的環(huán)境中抽取規(guī)律以保證生存。同時(shí),這一能力對(duì)于人類(lèi)日常的語(yǔ)言交流是非常關(guān)鍵的,因?yàn)樵谌粘Ｉ钪?我們聽(tīng)到的語(yǔ)音信號(hào)具有很大的可變性,如聲音的強(qiáng)度,頻率和時(shí)間特性,并且還經(jīng)常夾雜著環(huán)境噪音。為了保證語(yǔ)音的交流,我們的聽(tīng)覺(jué)皮層必須對(duì)這種語(yǔ)言信號(hào)的可變性作出應(yīng)變,即聽(tīng)覺(jué)皮層不僅需要處理聲音信號(hào)本身,同時(shí)還要處理各種聲音信號(hào)之間的關(guān)系,在復(fù)雜變化的語(yǔ)音信息流中獲取并且形成有效的抽象的客體概念,比如說(shuō)話人的識(shí)別或者話語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。這種語(yǔ)音信號(hào)之間的關(guān)系即語(yǔ)言中的聽(tīng)覺(jué)規(guī)則是不變的和抽象的,盡管語(yǔ)音信號(hào)本身具有很大的可變性。當(dāng)前對(duì)于這一課題的研究已經(jīng)取得了很大的進(jìn)展,如使用fMRI的方法研究語(yǔ)言中聽(tīng)覺(jué)信號(hào)的規(guī)律的提取反映了在注意階段大腦聽(tīng)覺(jué)皮層具有對(duì)于語(yǔ)音信號(hào)進(jìn)行抽象的能力。在注意前階段,對(duì)于聲音信號(hào)中不變的聽(tīng)覺(jué)規(guī)律的提取的研究主要集中在非語(yǔ)言(non-speech)的背景下,即使用一些純音(pure tone)作為聲音刺激材料,在不同的純音對(duì)(pure tone pair)頻率不斷改變的情況下,其隱含的頻率上升或者下降的規(guī)律可以在注意前階段就被提取出來(lái)。盡管這提示我們?nèi)祟?lèi)的這一在注意前階段處理聲音頻率之間的規(guī)律的能力對(duì)于語(yǔ)言的感知和音樂(lè)的欣賞是非常關(guān)鍵的,而如果直接在復(fù)雜變化的語(yǔ)言信號(hào)(speech)中抽取聲音頻率的規(guī)律,同時(shí)這一頻率的規(guī)律又直接影響語(yǔ)義(semantics)的理解,這樣的研究較之用非語(yǔ)言材料更能直接的反映對(duì)于人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言感知所非常關(guān)鍵的變化聲音信號(hào)中規(guī)律的提取能力。本論文采用漢語(yǔ)聲調(diào)作為聲音材料,通過(guò)人工合成上百個(gè)漢語(yǔ)元音(a, e, i, u)并且將這些元音賦予聲調(diào)(一聲調(diào),二聲調(diào)和四聲調(diào)),在這些聲音中,每一個(gè)元音都具有3個(gè)不用的聲音強(qiáng)度,并且都具有3種不同的聲調(diào),而每一種聲調(diào)的基頻又是不斷變化的,即合成的一聲調(diào)具有10個(gè)不同的基頻梯度,合成的二聲調(diào)和四聲調(diào)具有3個(gè)不同的基頻梯度,通過(guò)將這些人工合成的上百個(gè)漢語(yǔ)元音隨即播放而形成一個(gè)復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)音聽(tīng)覺(jué)流,而在這一聽(tīng)覺(jué)流中嵌入一個(gè)聲音基頻特征的抽象的規(guī)律,即盡管聲音的共振峰,聲音強(qiáng)度和基頻本身都在不斷變化,但其中大部分聲音都可以感知為一聲調(diào)(flat tone),在偶爾的情況下,這一規(guī)律會(huì)被二聲調(diào)(rising tone)或者四聲調(diào)(falling tone)的隨機(jī)出現(xiàn)所打破。本研究的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,在復(fù)雜語(yǔ)音聽(tīng)覺(jué)信息流中隱含的抽象的聲調(diào)信息的規(guī)律可以被母語(yǔ)受試者在注意前階段抽取出來(lái),即誘發(fā)穩(wěn)定的失匹配負(fù)波成分(mismatch negativity),而在實(shí)驗(yàn)記錄中受試者并不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)也不會(huì)察覺(jué)這一規(guī)律。本研究反映了語(yǔ)音感知過(guò)程中存在的一種感覺(jué)智能(sensory intelligence),而這一感覺(jué)智能的存在提示了人類(lèi)在注意前階段就可以在復(fù)雜和不斷變化的聽(tīng)覺(jué)環(huán)境中提取抽象的和有效的聽(tīng)覺(jué)規(guī)律,并且這一感覺(jué)智能的存在可以大大節(jié)省人們有限的意識(shí)資源。
[Abstract]:Abstract: Abstract: It is a high-level cognitive function that organisms recognize the world and perceive the world, that is to summarize the inherent laws from concrete and complex things, thus drawing out a common general character. For animals, this ability is the need to survive so that laws can be drawn from a complex and complex environment to ensure survival. At the same time, this capability is critical to human daily verbal communication, because in everyday life, we hear voice signals that have great variability, such as the intensity, frequency and time characteristics of sound, and are often mixed with environmental noise. in order to guarantee the exchange of speech, our auditory cortex must strain the variability of the speech signal, i. e. the auditory cortex requires not only the sound signal itself but also the relationship between the various sound signals, An effective abstract object concept, such as a speaker's recognition or utterance, is acquired and formed in complex varying voice information streams. The relationship between such speech signals is that the auditory rules in the language are invariant and abstract, although the speech signal itself has great variability. The current research on this subject has made great progress, such as the extraction of auditory signals in speech using the method of fmri reflects the ability of the auditory cortex of the brain to abstract the speech signal during the attention phase. In the pre-attention stage, the study of the extraction of the same auditory law in the sound signal is mainly focused on non-speech, i.e. using a certain tone as the sound stimulating material, in the case where the frequency of a different acoustic wave is constantly changing, the regularity of its implicit frequency rise or fall can be extracted at the pre-notice stage. although this suggests that the ability of our humans to process the regular between sound frequencies at the pre-stage stage is critical to the perception of language and appreciation of the music, and if the regularity of the sound frequency is extracted directly in a complex varying speech signal, At the same time, the regularity of this frequency directly affects the understanding of semantics, which is more direct than non-linguistic materials to reflect the regular extraction capability of the very critical changes in human language perception. In this paper, the Chinese tone is used as a sound material, and a hundred Chinese vowels (a, e, i, u) are artificially synthesized and the vowels are endowed with tones (a sound tone, two tones and four tones), in which each vowel has three unused sound intensities, and all have three different tones, and the fundamental frequency of each tone is constantly changing, that is, the synthesized one tone has 10 different fundamental frequency gradients, the synthesized two tones and four tones have three different fundamental frequency gradients, by playing the artificially synthesized hundreds of Chinese vowels to form a complex voice stream, an abstract pattern of sound fundamental frequency characteristics is embedded in this auditory stream, i.e., although the resonance peaks, the sound intensity and the fundamental frequency of the sound are constantly changing, But most of the sounds can be perceived as flat tone and, occasionally, this rule is broken by the random appearance of two tones or four tones. The experimental results of this study show that the law of abstract tone information implied in complex voice auditory information flow can be extracted by native subjects at the pre-attention stage, that is, to induce stable distortion-matched negative wave components. The subject was not found to be unaware of this rule in the experimental record. this study reflects a sensory intelligence that is present during speech perception, and the presence of this sensory intelligence suggests that humans can extract abstract and effective auditory rules in complex and constantly changing auditory environments prior to the attention of humans, and the existence of this sensory intelligence can greatly save people's limited awareness resources.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：R767.92

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本文編號(hào)：2254326