【摘要】：傳統(tǒng)觀點認為聽覺皮層是一個只參與處理聽覺信號的單模系統(tǒng)。然而,最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人腦的聽覺皮層可以處理其它感覺刺激,而且這種跨模態(tài)活動在早期失聰人群更為明顯。然而,早期失聰是否會引起聽覺皮層參與非聽覺認知活動,以及聽覺區(qū)如何處理這些認知信號等關鍵問題卻了解甚微。本課題將以早期失聰人群為模型來探討失去原有功能的聽覺皮層跨模態(tài)地參與視覺工作記憶任務處理的神經(jīng)機制。本研究首先假設早期失聰被試的聽覺皮層參與處理視覺工作記憶任務并且該皮層的活動能夠預測他們工作記憶能力。因此,本研究首先招募41例早期失聰被試和40例年齡與性別相匹配的正常被試來完成包括編碼、維持和再認三個階段的視覺空間延遲再認任務。相比正常對照組,行為學結果表明早期失聰被試在完成工作記憶任務時反應更快。而且,腦激活檢測結果表明在工作記憶任務的再認期,早期失聰組雙側顳上回呈現(xiàn)顯著性激活,并且激活程度越高,早期失聰組完成工作記憶任務的反應速度更快且更準確。早期失聰組在工作記憶任務維持期的雙側顳上回,以及編碼期的右側顳上回均呈現(xiàn)顯著性激活,而且激活程度能夠預示早期失聰組更快的完成能力。上述結果都說明早期失聰組聽覺相關皮層能跨模態(tài)處理視覺工作記憶任務。另外,維持階段中的聽覺皮層激活與開始佩戴助聽器年齡成正相關,和終生佩戴助聽器年齡比呈負相關,這說明越早或者越長期使用助聽器可能抑制聽覺皮層的跨模態(tài)重塑,并有助于提高佩戴助聽器的臨床療效。另外,相比正常對照組,格蘭杰因果分析表明早期失聰組從前額葉至顳上回的凈信息流顯著增強,這意味著自上而下調(diào)控機制能更好地解釋早期失聰組聽覺皮層跨模態(tài)激活現(xiàn)象。為了進一步明確早期失聰后跨模態(tài)重塑的聽覺皮層的自發(fā)功能網(wǎng)絡組織及其認知特性是否發(fā)生改變,本研究引入全腦靜息態(tài)功能連接分析技術,研究42例早期失聰被試和39例正常對照雙側顳上回的自發(fā)功能網(wǎng)絡活動的差異,以及功能連接強度與視覺空間工作記憶和數(shù)字工作記憶能力的相關性。與正常對照組相比,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)早期失聰被試具有超常的視覺空間和數(shù)字工作記憶完成能力。功能連接分析結果表明早期失聰組右側顳上回與雙側島葉前部、右側背外側前扣帶皮層和右側背外側前額葉皮層之間功能連接均顯著增強。而且,右側顳上回的功能連接強度與視覺空間工作記憶能力顯著相關,這種相關性即使回歸掉數(shù)字工作記憶的影響仍舊存在。因此,實驗結果表明早期聽覺剝奪能夠增強顳上回的固有功能連接,并且有助于顳上回跨模態(tài)參與視覺工作記憶的處理。最后,為了明確早期失聰人群聽覺皮層的局部跨模態(tài)重塑是否引起全腦大尺度功能和解剖網(wǎng)絡的拓撲屬性的變化。本研究納入37例早期失聰被試和33例正常對照,分析解剖網(wǎng)絡,功能網(wǎng)絡,以及功能-解剖網(wǎng)絡耦合等拓撲屬性的變化。與正常對照組相比,本研究結果只發(fā)現(xiàn)早期失聰組Local節(jié)點之間功能連接增加,而Rich-club和Feeder連接未見顯著差異。早期失聰組全腦功能-解剖連接耦合強度較正常對照呈現(xiàn)增強的趨勢,并且耦合強度與他們開始佩戴助聽器年齡呈現(xiàn)顯著正相關,而與終生佩戴助聽器年齡比呈現(xiàn)顯著負相關。這些實驗結果表明早期聽覺剝奪被試的大尺度腦網(wǎng)絡發(fā)育基本正常,增強的局部連接強度和功能-解剖連接耦合強度可能有助于早期失聰被試更有效地利用殘余的感覺信息。綜上,本論文初次嘗試早期失聰人群聽覺皮層跨模態(tài)參與視覺工作記憶的神經(jīng)機制研究,以早期失聰為典型,從新的角度探討了大腦工作記憶跨模態(tài)重塑機制,在早期失聰被試聽覺區(qū)域是否發(fā)生跨模態(tài)重塑以參與和處理視覺空間工作記憶認知活動,早期聽覺剝奪是否引起大腦自發(fā)功能連接發(fā)生代償,及其對腦解剖與功能網(wǎng)絡的影響等關鍵基礎認知神經(jīng)科學問題提供了基本依據(jù)與初步解答。神經(jīng)可塑性是人腦通過學習和訓練方式所具備的一種終生能力。期望本文有助于進一步了解疾病或創(chuàng)傷所引起腦結構與功能的可塑性改變之神經(jīng)機制,以促進大腦損傷后的康復治療與認知神經(jīng)科學的發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:The traditional view is that the auditory cortex is a single-mode system that only processes auditory signals. However, recent studies have found that the auditory cortex of the human brain can process other sensory stimuli, and this transmodal activity is more pronounced in early deaf people. In this study, the auditory cortex of early deaf subjects was assumed to be involved in the processing of visual working memory tasks. In this study, 41 subjects with early deafness and 40 age-and gender-matched normal subjects were recruited to perform visual spatial delayed recognition tasks including coding, maintenance and recognition. In addition, brain activation test results showed that bilateral superior temporal gyrus in early deaf group showed significant activation during the recognition period of working memory task, and the higher the activation degree, the faster and more accurate the early deaf group completed the task of working memory. Both the bilateral superior temporal gyrus and the right superior temporal gyrus in the encoding stage showed significant activation during the working memory task maintenance period, and the degree of activation predicted faster completion in the early deaf group. Cortical activation was positively correlated with the age at which hearing aids were first worn, and negatively correlated with the age ratio at which hearing aids were worn throughout life, suggesting that earlier or longer use of hearing aids might inhibit cross-modal remodeling of the auditory cortex and help to improve the clinical efficacy of hearing aids. The net information flow from prefrontal lobe to superior temporal gyrus was significantly enhanced in the deaf group, which means that the top-down regulation mechanism can better explain the transmodal activation of auditory cortex in the early deaf group. In this study, resting-state functional connectivity analysis was used to study the difference of spontaneous functional network activity in 42 subjects with early deafness and 39 normal controls, and the correlation between the intensity of functional connectivity and visual-spatial working memory and digital working memory. The results of functional connectivity analysis showed that the functional connectivity between the right superior temporal gyrus and the anterior bilateral insular lobe, the right dorsolateral anterior cingulate cortex and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was significantly enhanced in the early deafness group. There is a significant correlation between spatial working memory and spatial working memory, even if the effect of digital working memory is returned. Therefore, experimental results show that early auditory deprivation can enhance the intrinsic functional connectivity of the superior temporal gyrus and help the superior temporal gyrus to participate in the processing of visual working memory. In this study, 37 subjects with early deafness and 33 normal controls were included to analyze the changes of topological properties of anatomical network, functional network and functional-anatomical network coupling. It was found that there was an increase in functional connectivity between local nodes in the early deaf group, but no significant difference in Rich-club and Feeder connections. These results suggest that the development of large-scale brain networks in early hearing-deprived subjects is basically normal. Enhanced local connectivity and functional-anatomical coupling may help early deaf subjects to utilize residual sensory information more effectively. The cross-modal involvement of the auditory cortex in the neural mechanism of visual working memory is studied. Taking early deafness as a typical example, the cross-modal remodeling mechanism of brain working memory is discussed from a new perspective. Whether cross-modal remodeling occurs in the auditory region of early deaf subjects to participate in and process the cognitive activities of visual spatial working memory, and whether early hearing deprivation results in it. Neuroplasticity is a lifelong ability of the human brain through learning and training. It is hoped that this paper will help to understand the causes of disease or trauma. The neural mechanism of plasticity changes in brain structure and function promotes the development of rehabilitation therapy and cognitive neuroscience after brain injury.
【學位授予單位】：天津大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：R338

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