本文選題：低蛋白日糧 + 蛋氨酸　； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著飼料蛋白資源越來越緊缺，動物氮磷排泄對環(huán)境造成的污染越來越嚴重，動物營養(yǎng)學(xué)家開始將目光轉(zhuǎn)向了低蛋白日糧技術(shù)。單純的低蛋白日糧有降低氮排泄保護生態(tài)環(huán)境的作用，但是同時也會在一定程度上降低動物生產(chǎn)性能。因此本文旨在研究低蛋白日糧中添加不同量的DL-蛋氨酸（DLM）對肉雞生長、屠宰、氮代謝和肌肉生長相關(guān)基因表達的影響。 300只肉雞隨機分為五個處理組（A組、B組、C組、D組、E組），每個處理組設(shè)置4個重復(fù)，每個重復(fù)15只肉雞，飼養(yǎng)試驗為8到42日齡。A組對照組為正常蛋白水平（生長期CP23%，育肥期CP21%）正常蛋氨酸水平（生長期0.575%，育肥期0.509%）；其他四個處理組為試驗組，其粗蛋白水平比正常對照組低2（%生長期為CP21%，育肥期為CP19%），B組蛋氨酸水平比對照組低0.07%（生長期0.501%，育肥期為0.438%），C組蛋氨酸與對照組一致，D組和E組在C組的基礎(chǔ)上分別添加0.1%和0.2%的蛋氨酸。 飼養(yǎng)期間測定各周采食量，逐周測定各只肉雞體重，計算料肉比；從第2周開始，每周進行屠宰試驗，從各重復(fù)中選取1只接近該重復(fù)平均體重的肉雞，，測定其胸肌重、腿肌重和肝臟重，計算胸肌率、腿肌率、精肉率和肝臟率，在第5周和第6周的屠宰試驗時測定胸肌肉色、pH和嫩度。Real-time PCR法測定42日齡胸肌的MRFs、Pax3/7、MSTN、HSP25以及胸肌中和Caspase-3基因mRNA表達量變化。 在15-21日齡及36-42日齡期間從各重復(fù)中選取1只接近該重復(fù)平均體重肉雞，在代謝試驗中單飼，進行氮代謝平衡試驗。通過飼料指示劑標記物法測定氮的代謝率及排泄率。在42日齡時對屠宰的肉雞采血，測定血清中的尿素氮、尿酸、總蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、血鈣和堿性磷酸酶。 結(jié)果表明：低蛋白日糧不同蛋氨酸水平對42日齡肉雞體重影響不顯著（P0.05），B組、C組和D組顯著降低了肉雞整個飼養(yǎng)期采食量（P0.05）,低蛋白日糧組均有降低料肉比的趨勢，但是未表現(xiàn)出差異（P0.05）；在第3周時，D組顯著降低了腿肌重和腿肌率（P0.05），到第6周時，D組的腿肌重大大提升，顯著高于其他各處理組（P0.05），D組顯著降低了42日齡肉雞肝重（P0.05）；各處理組在28日齡、35日齡、42日齡的肉質(zhì)性狀（pH、肉色、剪切力）無顯著差異（P0.05）。 B組顯著降低了生長期的氮的代謝率（P0.05），低蛋白日糧組均有降低氮排泄量的趨勢，并未表現(xiàn)出顯著差異（P0.05）。低蛋白日糧均可以降低42日齡肉雞血清中尿酸和尿素氮的水平，其中B、C組顯著降低了尿酸水平（P0.05），B、E組顯著降低了尿酸氮的水平（P0.05）。 低蛋白日糧B組顯著上調(diào)了肉雞胸肌中Caspase-3基因的表達（P0.05），C、D組下調(diào)了Myogenin基因的表達（P0.05）。 綜上，低蛋白日糧中添加適量的蛋氨酸使得日糧蛋氨酸水平生長期達到0.6%到0.7%之間，育肥期0.54%到0.64%之間有提高肉雞生長性能，改善飼料利用率，促進肌肉生長并且降低肉雞氮的排泄作用。低蛋白日糧中缺乏蛋氨酸會上調(diào)肉雞胸肌中Caspase-3基因的表達，這可能是蛋氨酸調(diào)控肌肉生長的關(guān)鍵基因之一。
[Abstract]:With the increasing shortage of feed protein resources, the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus excretion to the environment is becoming more and more serious. Animal nutritionists begin to turn their eyes to low protein diet technology. Simple low protein diet has the effect of reducing nitrogen and excretion to protect the ecological environment, but at the same time, it will also reduce animal production performance to a certain extent. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different amounts of DL- methionine (DLM) in low protein diets on growth, slaughter, nitrogen metabolism and muscle growth related gene expression in broilers.
300 broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups (group A, group B, group C, group D, E group). Each treatment group was set up 4 repetitions, each repeated 15 broilers, and the control group was normal protein level (growth period CP23%, fattening period CP21%) normal methionine level (growth period 0.575%, fattening period 0.509%), and the other four treatment groups were tested. The level of crude protein was 2 lower than that of the normal control group (CP21%, CP19%), and the level of methionine in group B was 0.07% lower than that of the control group (0.501%, 0.438%), and the methionine in group C was the same as that in the control group. The D and E groups added 0.1% and 0.2% methionine on the basis of C group respectively.
During the feeding period, the weight of each broiler was measured and the ratio of meat to meat was measured week by week. From the second weeks, a slaughtering test was carried out every week. 1 chickens were selected from each repetition. The weight of the chest muscle, the weight of the leg muscle and the weight of the liver were measured. The chest muscle rate, the leg muscle rate, the meat rate and the liver rate were calculated, at fifth and sixth weeks. The breast muscle color, pH and tenderness.Real-time PCR method were used to determine the MRFs, Pax3/7, MSTN, HSP25, and the mRNA expression of the Caspase-3 gene in the chest muscles of 42 days of age.
During the period of 15-21 days and 36-42 days of age, 1 chickens were selected from the repeated average weight broilers. The metabolic rate and excretion rate of nitrogen were measured by a single feed in the metabolic test. The rate of nitrogen metabolism and excretion were measured by the feed indicator marker method. The blood of slaughtered broilers was collected at 42 days of age and the serum urea nitrogen, uric acid and total protein were measured. Albumin, globulin, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood calcium and alkaline phosphatase.
The results showed that the different levels of methionine in low protein diet had no significant influence on the weight of 42 day old broilers (P0.05). Group B, C and D significantly reduced the feed intake (P0.05) in the whole feeding period of the broiler, and the low protein diet group had the tendency to reduce the ratio of meat and meat, but did not show the difference (P0.05). In the third week, the D group significantly reduced the leg muscle weight and legs. The muscle rate (P0.05) was significantly higher in group D than in other treatment groups (P0.05) at sixth weeks. The liver weight of 42 day old broilers was significantly reduced in group D (P0.05), and there was no significant difference in meat quality (pH, meat color, shear force) at 28 days of age, 35 days of age and 42 days of age (P0.05) in each treatment group.
The B group significantly reduced the nitrogen metabolism rate (P0.05) in the growth period, and the low protein diet group had the trend of reducing nitrogen excretion, and did not show significant difference (P0.05). Low protein diet could reduce the level of uric acid and urea nitrogen in serum of 42 day old broilers, and B, C group decreased the level of uric acid (P0.05), B, and E group significantly reduced uric acid nitrogen. The level (P0.05).
Low protein diet group B significantly increased the expression of Caspase-3 gene in broiler breast muscle (P0.05), and C and D group down regulated Myogenin gene expression (P0.05).
To sum up, adding a proper amount of methionine in low protein diet can increase the level of dietary methionine growth between 0.6% and 0.7%, and increase the growth performance of Broilers by 0.54% to 0.64% in the fattening period, improve the feed utilization, promote muscle growth and reduce the excretion of broiler nitrogen. The lack of methionine in low protein diet will increase the breast muscle of broilers. The expression of Caspase-3 gene may be one of the key genes regulating methionine production by methionine.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S831.5

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