本文關(guān)鍵詞： 復(fù)合菌系 生物菌床 墊料成分 飼養(yǎng)密度 細(xì)菌多樣性　出處：《黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：近些年我國(guó)奶業(yè)在快速的發(fā)展,規(guī)模化奶牛場(chǎng)數(shù)量不斷增長(zhǎng),隨之而來(lái)的糞尿污染問(wèn)題已經(jīng)成為奶業(yè)發(fā)展的瓶頸,如何減輕和處理糞污成為奶業(yè)發(fā)展的熱點(diǎn)之一,本研究試圖研發(fā)一種新型的生物菌床犢牛養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)來(lái)解決上述問(wèn)題。采用模擬試驗(yàn)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)結(jié)合的方法,對(duì)生物菌床的墊料成分和飼養(yǎng)密度進(jìn)行了選擇和優(yōu)化;篩選出一組在常溫條件下能夠快速分解木質(zhì)纖維素的復(fù)合菌系,對(duì)復(fù)合菌系進(jìn)行細(xì)菌多樣性分析;以復(fù)合菌系為接菌劑接種于生物菌床;運(yùn)用高通量測(cè)序技術(shù)分析了墊料中細(xì)菌組成多樣性,對(duì)菌群結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了分析。最后提出了犢牛生物菌床養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)的主要參數(shù),主要研究結(jié)果如下:1、以纖維素降解率為主要指標(biāo),富集和篩選得到了一組高效降解纖維素的復(fù)合菌系。復(fù)合菌系的最適纖維素分解溫度為30℃,最適pH值為8.0,此時(shí)濾紙和玉米秸稈的降解率分別為66.5%和66.1%,玉米秸稈中的纖維素、半纖維素、木質(zhì)素的降解率分別為32.0%,85.2%,17.2%。通過(guò)高通量測(cè)序的技術(shù)手段分析了復(fù)合菌系的細(xì)菌組成多樣性,結(jié)果表明,在屬的水平上,復(fù)合菌系主要由假單胞菌屬(Pseudomonas sp.)33.9%,擬桿菌屬(Bacteroides sp.)11.8%,食酸菌屬(Acidovorax sp.)6.9%,產(chǎn)堿桿菌屬(Alcaligenes sp.)3.9%,丁酸弧菌屬(Butyrivibrio sp.)1.0%等組成。在種的水平上,菌系主要由糞產(chǎn)堿桿菌(Alcallgenes-faecalis)2.0%,空氣除氮微枝桿菌(Microvirgula-aerodenitrificans)1.5%等組成。2、飼養(yǎng)密度模擬試驗(yàn)表明,三個(gè)模擬密度(T1:頭/2m2,T2:頭/1.8m2,T3:頭1.5/m2)處理間溫度差異不顯著,模擬飼養(yǎng)密度為T(mén)1和T2的氨氣排放量較低,在飼養(yǎng)密度上更優(yōu)先選擇這兩組進(jìn)行飼養(yǎng)。在以稻殼和鋸末為墊料的模擬試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,以鋸末為墊料效果好,因?yàn)殇從┨幚鞹1的溫度高于其他成分最高溫度達(dá)到39℃,并且鋸末處理T1的氨氣排放量低于其他組,最低可達(dá)1.456mg/L,因此在墊料成分上優(yōu)先選擇鋸末作為墊料的主要成分。3、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)飼養(yǎng)密度試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,試驗(yàn)設(shè)置的三個(gè)密度梯度(T1:頭/1.6m2,T2:頭/1.5m2,T3:頭/2m2,對(duì)照組CK:頭/1.8m2),結(jié)果表明,試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中T3的表層pH最高,深層pH間沒(méi)有顯著差異,各區(qū)域的含水率變化趨勢(shì)一致,T3的含水率最低,T3的溫度也高于其他各組;在第60d時(shí)表層最高溫度達(dá)到32℃,深層溫度達(dá)到37℃;T3的氨氣排放量在45d以前高于其他各組,45d之后氨氣排放量低于其他各組,CK的深層氨氣排放量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于處理組。處理組的總氮含量要高于對(duì)照組,總有機(jī)碳的含量變化趨向一致,但T3深層的總有機(jī)碳高于其他各組,呈現(xiàn)出了一定的優(yōu)勢(shì),因此T3的飼養(yǎng)密度最為適宜。4、對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)墊料細(xì)菌多樣性分析表明,從門(mén)的水平上看,變形菌門(mén)(Proteobacteria)為優(yōu)勢(shì)菌群,各測(cè)試點(diǎn)的變形菌門(mén)含量均在35%以上,其次是擬桿菌門(mén)(Bacteroidetes),除了處理初始階段,其他各測(cè)試點(diǎn)的擬桿菌門(mén)含量在27%以上,最高達(dá)到41.7%。墊料中屬的種類(lèi)較多,不同處理的不同時(shí)間段會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同的優(yōu)勢(shì)菌屬,墊料內(nèi)部微生物會(huì)針對(duì)菌群的變化繁殖出可以降解糞便的菌屬,像芽孢桿菌屬(Paenibacillus sp.)、和梭菌屬(Thauera sp.)、纖維弧菌屬(Cellvibrio sp.)、假單胞菌屬(Pseudomonas sp.)等。通過(guò)上述試驗(yàn),明確了常溫秸稈復(fù)合菌系的降解能力及細(xì)菌組成多樣性,并將其運(yùn)用到了生物菌床中,同時(shí)也選擇出將鋸末作為墊料成分試驗(yàn)效果良好,確定了每頭犢牛占地2m2,為生物菌床技術(shù)的完善及廣泛應(yīng)用打下了基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:In recent years , China ' s dairy industry has been developing rapidly , the number of large - scale dairy cattle has increased , and the problem of manure and urine pollution has become a bottleneck in the development of dairy industry . The results are as follows : 1 . Based on the method of high - throughput sequencing , the composition and density of bacteria are selected and optimized . The results show that the degradation rate of the filter paper and corn stalk is 66.5 % , 85.2 % and 17.2 % respectively . The results showed that the concentration of ammonia in the treated group was higher than that of the other groups . The results showed that the temperature of T3 was higher than that of the other groups . The results showed that the concentration of ammonia in the treated group was higher than that of the other groups . From the level of the door , Protestants were dominant bacteria , and the content of each test point was above 35 % , and the content of bacteroidetes was more than 27 % , and the highest was 41.7 % . In addition to the initial stage , different kinds of bacteria could be found in different time periods . The microorganisms in the bedding could propagate the bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus , Paenibacillus sp . , Thauera sp . , Cellvibrio sp . , Pseudomonas sp . Through the above tests , the degradation ability and the bacterial composition diversity of the normal - temperature straw composite bacteria system are defined , and the method is applied to the biological bacteria bed , and meanwhile , the test effect of the sawdust as the bedding component is good , the land occupation area of each calf is determined to be 2m2 , and the foundation is laid for the improvement and the wide application of the biological bacteria bed technology .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S823

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