【摘要】：風疹病毒(rubella virus，RV)是披膜病毒科風疹病毒屬的唯一成員，人類是RV的唯一自然宿主。人群對RV普遍易感，感染后可發(fā)生風疹。RV除了感染人外，實驗室還能感染恒河猴、絨猴、猩猩、狒狒、乳鼠、地鼠和兔等野生和實驗動物，并出現(xiàn)與人相似的感染過程，包括潛伏期、病毒血癥及免疫應(yīng)答反應(yīng)等，但不出疹，僅狒狒感染RV后出現(xiàn)皮疹。 風疹(mbella)，也叫德國麻疹，通常是一種非常溫和的疾病，一般不引起嚴重后果，通常只引起皮疹、頜下淋巴結(jié)腫大和其他輕微的體征。但在年長的兒童和成年人，尤其是婦女，風疹的后果可能要嚴重的多，包括關(guān)節(jié)疾病和紫癜。RV感染的危害主要在于先天性感染，即胎兒宮內(nèi)感染。孕期前12周感染可導致胎兒先天風疹感染和80～90％的患風疹的孕婦流產(chǎn)。胎兒的先天性感染會導致先天性風疹綜合征，累及多器官、多系統(tǒng)，并存在長期的活性感染。 臨床上，，病毒存在于病人的鼻咽分泌物、血液、糞便和尿液中。雖然風疹經(jīng)常為隱性感染，但亞臨床表現(xiàn)的病人也有傳染性，這對風疹的預防帶來了一定的難度。病毒通過氣溶膠擴散，在出現(xiàn)皮疹前的7天和出現(xiàn)皮疹后的7天從鼻咽排出，具有傳染性。 先天性風疹綜合征包括結(jié)構(gòu)畸形(主要表現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)性耳聾，白內(nèi)障，心臟疾病如肺動脈和心臟瓣膜狹窄、動脈導管未閉)和智力發(fā)育障礙，晚期并發(fā)癥包括糖尿病、甲狀腺疾病、生長激素缺乏和進行性腦炎。 1962年，風疹的病原體RV分離成功，為RV的分子生物學研究、血清學檢測、RV感染特別是先天性感染的診斷及疫苗研制等奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 RV基因組為單股正鏈40S RNA，全長9 762個核苷酸，其5′端和3′端含
[Abstract]:Rubella virus (rubella virus,RV) is the only member of rubella virus genus in the family Erythroviridae, and human is the only natural host of RV. RV can infect wild and laboratory animals like rhesus monkeys, macaques, orangutans, baboons, milk rats, hamsters and rabbits, as well as humans. Including incubation period, viremia and immune response, but no rash, only baboon infected with RV skin rash. Rubella (mbella), also known as rubella, is usually a very mild disease that does not cause serious consequences. It usually causes rashes, submaxillary lymphadenopathy and other minor signs. But in older children and adults, especially women, the consequences of rubella can be much more severe, including joint disease and purpura. The risk of RV infection is primarily congenital, or intrauterine infection of the fetus. Infection in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy can lead to congenital rubella infection and 80% of rubella miscarriages. Fetal congenital infection can lead to congenital rubella syndrome, involving multiple organs, multiple systems, and long-term active infection. Clinically, the virus is present in the patient's nasopharyngeal secretions, blood, faeces and urine. Although rubella is often a recessive infection, patients with subclinical manifestations are also infectious, which brings some difficulty to the prevention of rubella. The virus diffuses through aerosols and is infectious at 7 days before and 7 days after the onset of the rash from the nasopharynx. Congenital rubella syndrome includes structural deformities (mainly neurodeafness, cataracts, heart diseases such as pulmonary artery and heart valve stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus) and mental retardation, and late complications include diabetes. Thyroid disease, growth hormone deficiency and progressive encephalitis. The successful isolation of rubella pathogen RV in 1962 laid a foundation for the molecular biology of RV, serological detection, diagnosis of RV infection, especially congenital infection and vaccine development. The genome of RV consists of 9,762 nucleotides with a single positive strand 40S RNA, with 5 'and 3' ends of the nucleotide.
【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2006
【分類號】：R373

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