本文選題：應(yīng)激 + 系統(tǒng)論　； 參考：《浙江大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文

【摘要】： 應(yīng)激是普遍的生理心理現(xiàn)象�，F(xiàn)代大量的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)研究表明應(yīng)激反應(yīng)過(guò)程對(duì)人類(lèi)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的健康成長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育至關(guān)重要。這些研究將應(yīng)激反應(yīng)過(guò)程分成可控性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和不可控性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)，前者啟動(dòng)恰當(dāng)?shù)恼J(rèn)知和應(yīng)對(duì)模式的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的固化和易化，后者消滅不恰當(dāng)?shù)恼J(rèn)知和應(yīng)對(duì)模式的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并且重組某些潛在的不恰當(dāng)?shù)男袨槟Ｊ降纳窠?jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。但是過(guò)多的和過(guò)少的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)可以導(dǎo)致不同的心理發(fā)育障礙和精神障礙。 自20世紀(jì)30年代以來(lái)，應(yīng)激研究可以概括為以下四種模式：(1)應(yīng)激是引起機(jī)體發(fā)生反應(yīng)的刺激物：把應(yīng)激作為自變量，重點(diǎn)放在探討各種有害刺激物的性質(zhì)和特征。(2)應(yīng)激是機(jī)體對(duì)有害刺激的反應(yīng)：將應(yīng)激作為因變量加以探討。研究重點(diǎn)放在有機(jī)體對(duì)刺激物的反應(yīng)方面。(3)應(yīng)激是應(yīng)激源和應(yīng)激反應(yīng)間的中介變量：研究調(diào)節(jié)應(yīng)激源與應(yīng)激反應(yīng)間相聯(lián)系的中介因素。(4)應(yīng)激的過(guò)程論：應(yīng)激是由應(yīng)激源、多種應(yīng)激中介變量和應(yīng)激反應(yīng)組成的單向過(guò)程。 近年來(lái)姜乾金教授等通過(guò)對(duì)心理應(yīng)激多因素的研究，提出了“應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)論”的理論和概念：應(yīng)激是由應(yīng)激源、應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和其它許多有關(guān)因素所構(gòu)成的多因素之間相互作用、反饋調(diào)節(jié)與控制的系統(tǒng)。心理應(yīng)激不是簡(jiǎn)單的因與果的關(guān)系或刺激與反應(yīng)的過(guò)程。 系統(tǒng)是由一個(gè)對(duì)象集合和一個(gè)建立在這些對(duì)象之間的關(guān)系集合而組成的。用符號(hào)表示時(shí)，系統(tǒng)可以寫(xiě)為一個(gè)有序偶對(duì)：S=(M，R)，其中，M和R分別為系統(tǒng)S的對(duì)象集和關(guān)系集。 應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)論的實(shí)證性研究需要完成兩個(gè)任務(wù)：應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)的對(duì)象集合和應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系集合。 目的：擬證實(shí)或證偽應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)論，在證實(shí)應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)論的基礎(chǔ)上研究應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)論的對(duì)象集合和關(guān)系集合。 方法：使用心理壓力反應(yīng)問(wèn)卷、特質(zhì)應(yīng)對(duì)方式問(wèn)卷、自動(dòng)思維問(wèn)卷、領(lǐng)悟社會(huì)支持量表、艾森克人格問(wèn)卷、自編服刑認(rèn)知評(píng)價(jià)問(wèn)卷和自編一般情況問(wèn)卷對(duì)580名男性服刑人員進(jìn)行調(diào)查，在SPSS13.0軟件、MINITAB和AMOS4.0軟件的支持下作相關(guān)分析、多重線性回歸分析和結(jié)構(gòu)方程建模。 結(jié)果：通過(guò)相關(guān)分析、回歸分析和結(jié)構(gòu)方程分析表明對(duì)于本研究對(duì)象男性服刑人員的應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)的主要對(duì)象集是：艾森克人格維度的精神質(zhì)維度、神經(jīng)質(zhì)維度、內(nèi)外向維度、掩飾維度，消極應(yīng)對(duì)、積極應(yīng)對(duì)、負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維、消極認(rèn)知、家庭內(nèi)支持、家庭外支持、經(jīng)濟(jì)因素和已服刑期。 以應(yīng)激反應(yīng)總分為應(yīng)變量，以通過(guò)單因素相關(guān)分析和等級(jí)相關(guān)分析表明本研究的可能主要對(duì)象集為自變量，進(jìn)行多元逐步回歸，消極應(yīng)對(duì)、負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維、神經(jīng)質(zhì)、消極認(rèn)知、學(xué)歷、掩飾人格(L)、精神質(zhì)人格(P)7個(gè)自變量依次進(jìn)入方程，預(yù)測(cè)力為70.5％。 結(jié)構(gòu)方程分析表明外向性人格和掩飾性人格傾向于采用積極應(yīng)對(duì)策略和爭(zhēng)取家庭外支持，掩飾性人格傾向于采用積極應(yīng)對(duì)策略和爭(zhēng)取家庭內(nèi)支持，但同時(shí)也采取消極應(yīng)對(duì)；神經(jīng)癥性人格傾向于采取消極應(yīng)對(duì)策略而不傾向于采取積極應(yīng)對(duì)策略，易于產(chǎn)生負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維；精神質(zhì)人格傾向于采取消極應(yīng)對(duì)和產(chǎn)生負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維。人格對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)沒(méi)有直接的顯著效應(yīng)，但是對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化間接效應(yīng)總和達(dá)0.988。 社會(huì)支持對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)沒(méi)有直接的顯著效應(yīng)，主要是通過(guò)降低負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維和增加積極應(yīng)對(duì)來(lái)緩沖應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。 不當(dāng)?shù)膽?yīng)對(duì)方式對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)有強(qiáng)大的影響——消極應(yīng)對(duì)方式對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化路徑系數(shù)達(dá)0.91。消極應(yīng)對(duì)對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化直接和間接效應(yīng)總和為0.440。積極應(yīng)對(duì)對(duì)消極應(yīng)對(duì)沒(méi)有顯著的直接影響，對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化間接效應(yīng)總和為-0.05．應(yīng)對(duì)方式強(qiáng)烈的受到人格的影響，神經(jīng)質(zhì)和精神質(zhì)對(duì)消極應(yīng)對(duì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化路徑系數(shù)分別達(dá)1.08和0.44，內(nèi)外向人格對(duì)積極應(yīng)對(duì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化路徑系數(shù)達(dá)0.26。 從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維和消極認(rèn)知對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)有強(qiáng)烈的直接和間接的影響，人格、社會(huì)支持、應(yīng)對(duì)對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的作用都得經(jīng)過(guò)負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維和消極認(rèn)知(因?yàn)橄麡O應(yīng)對(duì)里含有消極認(rèn)知成分)；從效應(yīng)上看，負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的直接和間接效應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化路徑系數(shù)之和為0.365(沒(méi)有包含消極應(yīng)對(duì)里含有認(rèn)知成分的作用)，負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化直接和間接效應(yīng)總和為0.365，具有強(qiáng)有力的作用。所以無(wú)論從結(jié)構(gòu)上還是從效應(yīng)上，認(rèn)知評(píng)價(jià)都可以看作關(guān)鍵性因素。應(yīng)激反應(yīng)對(duì)消極認(rèn)知、消極應(yīng)對(duì)有直接的負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)作用，但是對(duì)負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維沒(méi)有直接的負(fù)反饋?zhàn)饔�；消極認(rèn)知對(duì)負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維有直接的負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)作用。家庭內(nèi)支持和家庭外支持之間有正反饋調(diào)節(jié)作用，互相促進(jìn)。 一般性因素中經(jīng)濟(jì)可以直接降低負(fù)性自動(dòng)思維，直接增加領(lǐng)悟的家庭內(nèi)支持。已服刑期增加消極認(rèn)知，但是已服刑期對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的總效應(yīng)為負(fù)。 結(jié)論：應(yīng)激是應(yīng)激多因素相互聯(lián)系、相互作用和反饋調(diào)節(jié)的系統(tǒng)；其中人格是核心因素，認(rèn)知評(píng)價(jià)是關(guān)健因素，應(yīng)對(duì)尤其消極應(yīng)對(duì)是重要因素。
[Abstract]:Stress is a common physiological phenomenon . A modern large number of neurobiology studies have shown that the stress response process is essential to the healthy growth and development of the human nervous system . These studies divide the stress response process into controlled stress response and uncontrollable stress response , the former starts the neural network of proper cognition and response pattern , and recombines some potential inappropriate behavior patterns neural networks . However , too much and too little stress response can lead to different psychological developmental disorders and mental disorders .









Stress is the mediator between stress source and stress response : ( 3 ) Stress is the mediator between stress source and stress response : ( 4 ) Stress is the mediator between stress source and stress response .









In recent years , the theory and concept of " stress system theory " have been put forward by studying the multi - factor of psychological stress . Stress is the system of interaction , feedback regulation and control between stress source , stress response and many other factors . Psychological stress is not a simple process of the relationship or stimulation and reaction with fruit .









A system is composed of a collection of objects and a set of relationships built between these objects . When represented by a symbol , the system can be written as an ordered pair : S = ( M , R ) , where M and R are the set of objects and the relationship set of the system S , respectively .









The empirical research of stress system theory needs to complete two tasks : the object set of stress system and the relation set of stress system .









Objective : To validate the theory of stress system theory and to study the collection of subject and relationship of stress system theory on the basis of confirmation of stress system theory .









Methods : 580 male prisoners were investigated by using psychological stress response questionnaire , trait coping style questionnaire , automatic thinking questionnaire , comprehension social support scale , Eysenck personality questionnaire , self - editing service sentences cognitive assessment questionnaire and self - compiled general questionnaire . The correlation analysis , multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation modeling were carried out under the support of SPSS 13.0 software , MINITAB and AMOS4.0 software .









Results : According to the correlation analysis , regression analysis and structural equation analysis , the main objects of stress system for male prisoners in this study were : the mental dimension , the neuroticism dimension , the inner and outer dimensions , the cover dimension , the negative coping , the positive response , the negative automatic thinking , the negative cognition , the family support , the family support , the economic factors and the serving time period .









Based on the correlation analysis and grade correlation analysis of single factor , the possible main object sets of this study were independent variables , multiple stepwise regression , passive coping , negative automatic thinking , neuroticism , negative cognition , education background , disguised personality ( L ) , psychoticism personality ( P ) 7 independent variables entered the equation in turn , and the predicted power was 70.5 % .









The structural equation shows that extroversion personality and disguised personality tend to adopt positive coping strategies and seek out family support , disguised personality tends to adopt positive coping strategies and seek domestic support , but at the same time negative coping is taken ;
Neurotic personality tends to take negative coping strategies , not to take active coping strategies , which is easy to generate negative automatic thinking ;
The mental personality tends to take negative coping and negative self - thinking . The personality has no direct effect on stress response , but the total indirect effect on stress response is 0.988 .









Social support has no direct effect on stress response , mainly buffering stress response by reducing negative automatic thinking and increasing positive response .









The improper response has a strong effect on the stress reaction . The normalized path coefficient of the response is 0.91 . The negative response to the normalized direct and indirect effects of the stress response is 0.440 . The positive response to the negative response has no significant direct effect , and the sum of the normalized indirect effects to the stress response is - 0.05 . The way of coping style is strongly influenced by personality , and the standardized path coefficient of neuroticism and psychoticism to passive coping is 1.08 and 0.44 , and the standardized path coefficient of extroversion personality to positive response is 0.26 .









In terms of structure , negative automatic thinking and negative cognition have strong direct and indirect effects on stress response , personality and social support .
From the effect , the sum of the positive and indirect effects of negative automatic thinking on the direct and indirect effects of stress response is 0.365 ( which does not contain the action of cognitive component in passive coping ) . The negative automatic thinking can be regarded as the key factor for the normalized direct and indirect effects of stress response .
Negative cognition has a direct negative feedback effect on negative automatic thinking . There is positive feedback regulation between family support and family support .









In general , the economy can directly reduce the negative automatic thinking and directly increase the support in the family . The probation period increases the negative cognition , but the total effect of the sentence period on the stress response is negative .









Conclusion : Stress is a system of interrelated , interactive and feedback regulation of stress factors .
Among them , personality is the core factor , the cognitive evaluation is the key factor , and it is an important factor to deal with especially negative coping .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：R395

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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