發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-14 20:51

【摘要】：話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記是語(yǔ)言交際中常見(jiàn)的一種現(xiàn)象,它們不參與句子信息的構(gòu)建,主要用來(lái)引導(dǎo)和制約人們的交際。日常交際中存在著大量的例證類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記,用以標(biāo)示說(shuō)話人對(duì)于現(xiàn)實(shí)依據(jù)的態(tài)度和立場(chǎng)。迄今為止,此類標(biāo)記的研究只零星散見(jiàn)于篇什。 例證類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記指的是能夠引述事例并且具有連接作用的語(yǔ)用成分。根據(jù)充當(dāng)例證類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記的成分,可以將此類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記分為單詞類和短語(yǔ)類；從話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記與后續(xù)成分的附著關(guān)系,可以將此類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記分為黏著式和自由式；從標(biāo)記形式的完備性上,可以將此類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記分為框架式和完整式。不同類別的話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記在邏輯關(guān)系、語(yǔ)體、開(kāi)放性程度等方面存在著差異。例證類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記在交際中主要具有舉例、話題、假設(shè)和連接這四種功能,體現(xiàn)不同功能的例證類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記對(duì)其后續(xù)成分有一定的選擇性。體現(xiàn)舉例功能時(shí),話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記所受到的句法制約較弱,后續(xù)成分可以是短語(yǔ),也可以是小句；體現(xiàn)話題功能和連接功能時(shí),話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記的后續(xù)成分則偏向于小句；體現(xiàn)假設(shè)功能時(shí),話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記的后續(xù)成分則一定是小句。 從關(guān)聯(lián)理論和連貫理論角度來(lái)看,例證類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記的語(yǔ)用功能主要體現(xiàn)在話語(yǔ)的生成和理解、語(yǔ)篇的構(gòu)建以及人際互動(dòng)等方面,它們可以加強(qiáng)說(shuō)話人的主觀性,激活認(rèn)知背景,限定話題內(nèi)容、引入新信息、銜接語(yǔ)篇連貫、建立交際關(guān)系等,而這幾種功能往往會(huì)重疊交叉使用。 充當(dāng)例證類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記的成分可以是單詞,也可以是短語(yǔ),還可以是單詞／短語(yǔ)和人稱代詞“你”的組合結(jié)構(gòu),不同類的例證類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記都是語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)歷時(shí)演變的結(jié)果。單詞類例證標(biāo)記語(yǔ)法化的過(guò)程中大都先經(jīng)歷了詞匯化,不同句法層面上的成分經(jīng)過(guò)重新分析后確認(rèn)為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的詞,再向副詞虛化,虛化的過(guò)程中伴隨著語(yǔ)義的虛化、句法功能的改變以及語(yǔ)用的擴(kuò)張,最終演化為例證類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記。短語(yǔ)類例證標(biāo)記則在單詞類例證標(biāo)記的基礎(chǔ)上與其他語(yǔ)言成分進(jìn)一步組合虛化而來(lái)。不同成員之間虛化的程度并不一致,語(yǔ)法化過(guò)程中各種機(jī)制發(fā)揮的作用也不盡相同。“比如”的虛化過(guò)程中,類推演變起了主要作用,而“好比”的虛化過(guò)程中,隱喻機(jī)制發(fā)揮了主要作用,“你”的選擇性上主觀化和交互主觀化占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)位置。在對(duì)例證類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記的成員及其主要功能進(jìn)行共時(shí)描寫(xiě)的基礎(chǔ)上,從歷時(shí)角度考察它們形成的過(guò)程及形成機(jī)制,可以對(duì)現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)例證類話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記的功能作出更為充分的解釋。
[Abstract]:Discourse markers are a common phenomenon in language communication. They do not participate in the construction of sentence information and are mainly used to guide and restrict people's communication. There are a large number of illustrative discourse markers in daily communication, which are used to indicate the speaker's attitude and position on the basis of reality. Up to now, the study of such markers has been scattered in the papers. Illustrative discourse markers refer to pragmatic elements that can quote examples and are connected. This kind of discourse markers can be classified into word type and phrase type according to their components, and can be classified into adhesive type and freestyle type according to the attachment relationship between discourse markers and subsequent components. This kind of discourse markers can be divided into frame type and complete form from the completeness of marker form. Different types of discourse markers differ in logic, style and openness. Illustrative discourse markers have four functions in communication: example, topic, hypothesis and connection. The illustrative discourse markers, which embody different functions, have certain selectivity to their subsequent components. In the case of illustrative function, the syntactic constraints of discourse markers are weak, and the following components can be phrases or clauses; when they embody topic function and connective function, the follow-up elements of discourse markers tend to be clauses; when they embody hypothetical functions, the following elements of discourse markers tend to be clauses. The following components of discourse markers must be clauses. From the perspective of relevance theory and coherence theory, the pragmatic functions of illustrative discourse markers are mainly embodied in the generation and understanding of discourse, the construction of discourse and interpersonal interaction, which can enhance the subjectivity of the speaker and activate the cognitive background. Limiting topic content, introducing new information, cohesive text coherence, establishing communication relations, and so on, these functions often overlap and cross use. The elements that act as example discourse markers can be words or phrases, and can also be the combination structure of words / phrases and personal pronouns "you". Different types of illustrative discourse markers are the result of the diachronic evolution of language system. In the process of grammaticalization of lexical illustrative markers, most of them have experienced lexicalization first. After re-analysis of the components at different syntactic levels, they are recognized as an independent word, followed by the vacuity of the adverb, which is accompanied by semantic nihilization in the process of the grammaticalization of lexical illustrative markers. The change of syntactic function and the expansion of pragmatics finally evolve into illustrative discourse markers. Phrase-class illustration marks are combined with other language components on the basis of word-class illustrative markers. Different members have different degrees of virtualization and different mechanisms play different roles in the process of grammaticalization. In the process of "for example", analogy plays a major role, but in the process of "like", the mechanism of metaphor plays a major role, and the subjective and interactive subjectivization of "you" takes the dominant position. On the basis of the synchronic description of the members and their main functions of illustrative discourse markers, a diachronic study of their formation process and formation mechanism can fully explain the functions of example discourse markers in modern Chinese.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：揚(yáng)州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：H13

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