本文選題：哪里 + where��； 參考：《湖南師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：作為疑問信息的主要載體,疑問詞充當著漢英特指問句的核心成分。鑒于其地位的重要性,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對疑問詞的用法進行了詳細的分類與描寫,并從傳統(tǒng)語法、轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法、認知語法等多個角度對上述用法進行了細致的解釋與分析,從而獲得了大量寶貴的研究成果,為本文的研究奠定了堅實的理論基礎(chǔ)。 在已有研究的基礎(chǔ)上,本文嘗試借助對比語言學(xué)和認知語言學(xué)中的相關(guān)理論對漢語疑問詞“哪里”和英語疑問詞"where"的疑問用法和非疑問用法進行對比,通過對相關(guān)語言事實的整理歸納,找出這兩類用法之間的異同以及形成這些異同的原因,并以此為基礎(chǔ),從認知語言學(xué)的角度對這兩個詞的語法化過程進行分析,總結(jié)出漢英疑問詞用法發(fā)展的普遍規(guī)律。 “哪里”和"where"之間的共性主要體現(xiàn)在它們的疑問用法上。這兩者之間之所以存在可比性是因為它們的基本功能都是用來詢問未知的場所,具有相同的核心意義,由此構(gòu)成了對比分析的基礎(chǔ)。在表達疑問功能時,這兩者具有相似的句法功能�！澳睦铩焙�"where"都可充當特指問句的賓語和狀語,也可獨立成句,在大多數(shù)情況下還可以互譯。然而,這兩者之間的差異性亦十分明顯：在一般情況下,“哪里”可以出現(xiàn)在其所屬特指問句的幾乎所有位置,而"where"卻必須一直位于句首。這說明兩者的疑問用法雖然大體相似,但也有不同之處。 除了疑問用法之外,“哪里”和"where"還發(fā)展出了任指、虛指、否定等非疑問用法。其中,任指用法和虛指用法是其共有用法,否定用法為“哪里”特有,而用作從句標記引導(dǎo)關(guān)系小句的功能專屬于“where”。此外,即使這兩者用于任指或虛指,其具體表達方式也并非總是互相對應(yīng)。上述現(xiàn)象說明與疑問用法相比,“哪里”和“where”的非疑問用法更多地體現(xiàn)了各自語言的個性。 不過,盡管這兩者的兩大類用法之間都存在不少差異,它們從疑問用法向非疑問用法演變的語法化過程卻是高度相似的。“哪里”和“where”的語法化過程主要受到語義機制和句法機制的制約：原始意義充當演變的固有基礎(chǔ),句法環(huán)境提供演變的具體途徑。另外,這兩者的語法化過程具有主觀性和單向性的特征,受這兩個特征的影響,這兩個詞原始的詢問功能不斷減弱而衍生的表達功能不斷增強。換言之,“哪里”和“where”的語法化過程是一種疑問意義不斷減少而非疑問意義不斷增多的主觀化過程。 總而言之,本文對“哪里”和“where”的疑問用法和非疑問用法進行了較為全面的分析,找出并解釋了這兩類用法之間的異同,并從認知層面分析了這兩者的語法化過程,概括得出了支配其用法發(fā)展變化的規(guī)律,從而有望進一步豐富漢英疑問詞的對比研究,同時能夠為國內(nèi)的英、漢語教學(xué)工作提供一定的幫助。
[Abstract]:As the main carrier of interrogative information, interrogative words act as the core component of Chinese-English special question.In view of the importance of its status, scholars at home and abroad have classified and described the usage of interrogative words in detail, and explained and analyzed the above usage from the perspectives of traditional grammar, transformational generative grammar, cognitive grammar and so on.Thus, a large number of valuable research results have been obtained, which has laid a solid theoretical foundation for this study.On the basis of previous studies, this paper attempts to compare the interrogative and non-interrogative usage of the Chinese interrogative word "where" and the English interrogative word "where" with the relevant theories in contrastive linguistics and cognitive linguistics.By summarizing the relevant linguistic facts, we find out the similarities and differences between the two kinds of usage and the reasons for these similarities and differences, and on this basis, analyze the grammaticalization process of these two words from the perspective of cognitive linguistics.The general law of the development of Chinese and English interrogative words is summarized.The commonality between "where" and "where" is mainly in their interrogative usage.The reason for the comparability between the two is that their basic functions are used to inquire about unknown places, which have the same core significance, and thus form the basis of comparative analysis.In expressing interrogative functions, the two have similar syntactic functions.Both "where" and "where" can be used as objects and adverbials of specific questions, or as independent sentences, and in most cases can be translated to each other.However, the difference between the two is also very obvious: in general, "where" can appear in almost every position of its specific question, while "where" must always be at the beginning of the sentence.This shows that the two interrogative usage although generally similar, but there are differences.In addition to interrogative usage, "where" and "where" have developed non-interrogative usages such as random, fictitious, negative, etc.Among them, the usage of Ren finger and the usage of virtual finger are the common usage, the negative usage is unique to "where", and the function of the clause used as the clause to mark and guide the relation belongs to "where".Moreover, even if the two are used for any or virtual finger, their specific expressions do not always correspond to each other.The above phenomenon shows that the non-interrogative usage of "where" and "where" reflect the individuality of their respective languages more than interrogative usage.However, although there are many differences between the two kinds of usage, their grammaticalization process from interrogative usage to non-interrogative usage is highly similar.The grammaticalization process of "where" and "where" is mainly restricted by semantic mechanism and syntactic mechanism: the primitive meaning serves as the inherent basis of evolution, and the syntactic environment provides the specific way of evolution.In addition, the grammaticalization process of these two words has the characteristics of subjectivity and unidirection. Under the influence of these two characteristics, the original inquiry function of the two words is weakened and the derived expression function is enhanced.In other words, the grammaticalization process of "where" and "where" is a subjective process in which the interrogative meaning is decreasing, rather than the interrogative meaning increasing.In a word, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the interrogative and non-interrogative usage of "where" and "where", finds out and explains the similarities and differences between the two types of usage, and analyzes their grammaticalization process from the cognitive perspective.It is expected to further enrich the contrastive study of Chinese and English interrogative words, and at the same time provide some help for the teaching of English and Chinese in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H146;H314

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本文編號：1770356