本文關(guān)鍵詞： 德里達(dá) 異延 替補(bǔ) 解構(gòu)文學(xué)觀 解構(gòu)閱讀 解構(gòu)批評　出處：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 雅克·德里達(dá)(1930-2004),法國當(dāng)代著名的哲學(xué)家、美學(xué)家和文學(xué)理論家。由德里達(dá)所開創(chuàng)的解構(gòu)主義認(rèn)為,自柏拉圖以來的“形而上學(xué)”傳統(tǒng)中形成了一個潛在的思維定勢:萬事萬物背后都有一個根本的法則,這個法則就是“在場邏各斯中心論”,與其背離就意味著走向謬誤。在西方漫長的文化傳統(tǒng)中,這種思維范式可謂根深蒂固,包括“語音中心論”、“在場本體論”、“男權(quán)中心論”、“理性中心論”等都可以視為“邏各斯中心論”的變種。解構(gòu)主義就是要對這種霸道的秩序進(jìn)行顛覆。德里達(dá)認(rèn)為所謂的在場都是一種人為的虛構(gòu),是一種幻象,因為總是會有某種東西越出這個中心實體,永遠(yuǎn)都存在著補(bǔ)充、邊緣、缺席、異延。在哲學(xué)文本之外不存在空白的、未被觸及的、空虛的邊緣,而存在著另一個文本,它和前一個文本間不存在森嚴(yán)的等級關(guān)系,而是平等的、相互交織的網(wǎng)狀關(guān)系,這種關(guān)系是對等級的顛覆。德里達(dá)的解構(gòu)主義理論動搖了整個傳統(tǒng)人文科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ),也是整個后現(xiàn)代思潮最重要的理論源泉之一。 德里達(dá)的解構(gòu)主義文學(xué)觀就是在其解構(gòu)主義理論的指導(dǎo)下,對傳統(tǒng)形而上學(xué)本質(zhì)觀的系統(tǒng)反思。德里達(dá)認(rèn)為世界上不存在任何客觀本質(zhì)的意義,語言和文本也不是恒定不變的,真理只不過是人對外在世界的闡釋,文本離不開各種文化和社會的符號,文本的意義難以限定,而言說主體傳達(dá)的意義在不同的語境下會被不斷的闡釋,產(chǎn)生不同的意義,闡釋沒有盡頭,意義的變化也就沒有終點(diǎn)。德里達(dá)的解構(gòu)主義文學(xué)觀向傳統(tǒng)的批評觀和價值觀發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn),他認(rèn)為批評不能追尋作品的本來意義,批評也是一種創(chuàng)造,是一種關(guān)于文學(xué)的再創(chuàng)造活動。批評的權(quán)威對于解構(gòu)并不是最后的權(quán)威,解構(gòu)也是對批評的一種解構(gòu)。但這并不意味著所有的批評都被貶低了價值,而是意味著人們試圖在歷史中思考批評事例的權(quán)威的含義。德里達(dá)的解構(gòu)主義理論強(qiáng)調(diào)文學(xué)藝術(shù)作品要表現(xiàn)活生生的感性,注重閱讀過程中的審美體驗,反對結(jié)構(gòu)主義單一的結(jié)構(gòu)形式研究,以及其純粹的邏輯方法。德里達(dá)認(rèn)為,任何作品都具有和其他作品不同的差異性,文學(xué)作品并沒有一個固定的中心或結(jié)構(gòu),沒有決定作品終極意義的絕對真理。世界在變化,文學(xué)也在變化,我們都是從某個假設(shè)開始去關(guān)照這個世界,我們自以為把握到了文學(xué)的本質(zhì),而實際上只是一種幻象。文學(xué)的意義在文本的召喚結(jié)構(gòu)和閱讀行為的雙向交流中產(chǎn)生,它不僅是一種虛構(gòu)的建制,還是一種行動,體現(xiàn)為一種文學(xué)性,文學(xué)的意義永遠(yuǎn)處于“異延”之中,沒有終點(diǎn)。德里達(dá)提出了自己的文本觀,“文本之外別無他物”,文本既不關(guān)涉現(xiàn)實,也不關(guān)涉作者的意向,但文本可以指涉其他文本,形成文本織體,編織出文本的錦帛。在對經(jīng)典文本的閱讀中,德里達(dá)采取的是雙重的閱讀策略,不僅要關(guān)注于文本中作者所傳達(dá)出的東西,而且還強(qiáng)調(diào)在閱讀活動中,讀者要充分發(fā)揮能動性去充分揭示出文本中的語言模式所展露出的與作者申述的東西相異的東西。在德里達(dá)的解構(gòu)主義文學(xué)觀中,批評具有自身的對立性,不再是“仆人的仆人”,批評不僅是對文本的批評,而且還是對批評的批評。 德里達(dá)的解構(gòu)主義理論倡導(dǎo)一種開放性的思維模式,注重閱讀過程中個體的審美體驗,盡管它對形而上學(xué)思想的批判帶有理論上的烏托邦色彩,但這種極端的批評策略也未嘗不是一種大膽的具有突破性的開創(chuàng)性思維。解構(gòu)主義真正是后現(xiàn)代性思維的基礎(chǔ),是不死的源泉,是構(gòu)建后現(xiàn)代思想基礎(chǔ)的純樸起點(diǎn),它依然包含著這個時代思想深化的重要資源。德里達(dá)的解構(gòu)主義思想從一定程度上改變了一些批評家的批評觀念,他們以之為基點(diǎn)從各個角度去審視和閱讀文學(xué)文本,創(chuàng)建了形式各樣的批評方法,從而開創(chuàng)了后現(xiàn)代批評理論的狂歡化景觀。有人曾斥責(zé)德里達(dá)的解構(gòu)是“虛無”、“摧毀”、“否定一切”,這是對德里達(dá)的嚴(yán)重誤解。其實,德里達(dá)的解構(gòu)首先是一種“肯定”,肯定的是非本原的“本原”的本源。他并不是要取消本質(zhì)和否定經(jīng)典,而是要賦予一種對這些文本思考的可能性。在德里達(dá)生命的最后時光,他對民主、政治、法律、倫理、習(xí)俗等相關(guān)問題的思考,充分體現(xiàn)了一個知識分子的良知。德里達(dá)是值得我們尊敬的思想家。筆者認(rèn)為,以“文學(xué)行動”作為標(biāo)題,最能體現(xiàn)德里達(dá)解構(gòu)主義文學(xué)觀的特點(diǎn),因為德里達(dá)的解構(gòu)主義文學(xué)觀就是傳統(tǒng)形而上學(xué)本質(zhì)觀的批判反思行動。
[Abstract]:Jacques Derrida (1930-2004), a contemporary French philosopher, esthetician and theoretician. Deconstruction pioneered by Derrida is that, since Platon's metaphysics tradition formed a potential mindset: behind all the things there is a fundamental law, this law is called the "present logos theory" it means to deviate from falsehood. In the long tradition of Western culture, this is the thinking paradigm ingrained, including "speech center theory", "the present ontology", "male centered theory", "rational center theory" can be regarded as the "logos" theory of deconstruction is to this variant. Overbearing order subversion. Derrida believes that the so-called presence is a kind of artificial fiction, is an illusion, because there will always be something beyond the center. The body, there is always added edge. In the absence of differance philosophy does not exist outside the text blank, untouched, empty edge, and the existence of another text, and a text before it does not exist in the hierarchical relationship, but equal, intertwined relationship network and this relationship is a subversion of the level. Derrida's deconstruction theory has shaken the foundation of the traditional humanities, but also the most important theoretical source of modern thought.
Derrida's deconstructive literary view is in its deconstruction theory under the guidance of systematic reflection on traditional metaphysics essence. Derrida believed that any objective nature of the meaning of the world does not exist, the language and text is not a constant, the truth is just on the external world of text interpretation, cannot do without all kinds of cultural and social the symbol, the meaning of the text is difficult to define, for the body to convey meaning will be continuous interpretation in different contexts, have different meaning, interpretation has no end, there is no significant change of end point. Derrida's Deconstruction to the traditional view of literature criticism and values challenge, he thought the meaning of criticism can after work, criticism is also a kind of creation, is a kind of literary criticism re creation activities. The authority is not the final authority for deconstruction, deconstruction and On a criticism of the deconstruction. But this does not mean that all the criticism has been downgraded, but means that people try to think the meaning of criticism case authority in history. Derrida's deconstruction theory emphasizes the literary and artistic works to display the living sensibility, pay attention to reading in the process of aesthetic experience, against structuralism structure on the single, and the pure logical method. Derrida believes that any work has differences and other works of different literary works, and not a fixed center or structure, no goods decided absolute truth of ultimate meaning. The world is changing, literature is changing, we are from a assume to take care of this world, we think to grasp the essence of literature, but in fact is just an illusion. The meaning of literature in call structure and reading lines of text for the double To exchange, it is not only a fictitious establishment or an action, reflect a kind of literature, literary meaning is always in the "difference", no end point. Derrida put forward his own view of text, text, text outside no other "is not concerned with reality, is not concerned the author's intention, but the text can refer to other texts, to form text texture, weave the text brocade. In reading classical texts, Derrida adopted a double reading strategy, not only pay attention to the text the author conveyed by the East West, but also emphasized in reading activities, readers we should give full play to the initiative to fully reveal the text in the language model and show different representations of things the author exposed things. In Derrida's literary viewpoint of deconstruction, criticism has its own opposition, is no longer a servant of servants", Criticism is not only a criticism of the text, but also a criticism of the criticism.
Derrida's deconstruction theory advocates a kind of open mode of thinking, pay attention to the reading process of individual aesthetic experience, despite its critique of Metaphysics Thought with the theory of Utopia, but this extreme criticism strategy is not a bold breakthrough creative thinking. The deconstruction of postmodern thinking is true the foundation, is the source of the undead, is the starting point to build simple postmodern thought foundation, it is still an important resource in this era of deepening. Derrida's deconstruction changed some critics concept from a certain extent, they take as the basis from various perspectives to examine and read a literary text, create criticism methods a variety of forms, thus creating a landscape Carnival postmodern criticism. Some people have denounced Derrida as "nothingness of deconstruction"," Destroy "," denial ", this is a serious misunderstanding of Derrida. In fact, Derrida's deconstruction is a" positive ", certainly is the" origin "of non primitive origin. He did not want to cancel the essence and deny the classic, but to give a text on these thinking possibilities. In the last days of Derrida's life, he on democracy, politics, law, ethics, customs and other related problems, fully embodies an intellectual conscience. Derrida is worthy of our respect for the thinker. The author believes that the" literary action "as the title, best embodies the characteristics of Derrida s literature theory of deconstruction, because Derrida the literary viewpoint of deconstruction reflection on action is the essence of traditional metaphysics critique view.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：I0-02

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