【摘要】：華嚴寺座落于山西省大同市,是一處典型的漢文化與遼金文化相融合的寺院。寺院由上華嚴寺,下華嚴寺和海會殿三部分組成。上華嚴寺和下華嚴寺打破了一般寺院坐北朝南的布局,寺院主要建筑坐西朝東(海會殿坐北朝南,保留了漢民族文化原有的特征),與其當(dāng)時特有的民族文化和宗教信仰等有著密不可分的關(guān)系,著名建筑學(xué)家梁思成先生解釋這種方位時用八個字加以概括：“遼人信鬼,拜日為神”,這種建筑布局在全國也很罕見,也是遼金建筑的特征之一。 華嚴寺以其獨特的建筑水平和非凡的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格名揚天下。其布局合理,符合中國古人在建筑格局上的陰陽宇宙觀和崇尚對稱、秩序、穩(wěn)定的審美心理。大殿與附屬建筑相搭配而建,構(gòu)成一處精巧玲瓏的寺院。寺院為兩進院,建有天王殿、觀音閣(南)、地藏王閣(北)、鐘樓亭及配殿,形成南北對稱,高低錯落的遼金建筑風(fēng)格。 其中上華嚴寺大雄寶殿氣勢雄偉壯觀,規(guī)模宏大。大雄寶殿矗立在高大的月臺上,大殿為上寺主殿,它與月臺雕欄石級等為遼金遺物。大雄寶殿坐西向東,面闊九間(53.75米),進深五間(29米),總面積為1559平方米。其建筑結(jié)構(gòu)為單檐五脊頂(廡殿式)舉折平緩,殿頂正脊上的琉璃鴟吻高達4.5米,其中北端鴟吻與大殿同時為金代遺物。這是目前已知國內(nèi)早期古建筑上最大的琉璃鴟吻。殿內(nèi)采用了“減柱法”,是遼代建筑藝術(shù)的主要特征之一。這種建筑形式不僅擴大了空間面積,而且節(jié)省了大量的建筑材料。這對研究我國古代建筑如何運用結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)有重要價值。整個大殿氣勢磅礴,巍峨壯觀,結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)固,是我國現(xiàn)存的兩座最大佛殿之一(另一座為遼寧省義縣奉國寺大殿)。遼集成了唐代簡樸、渾厚、雄壯之風(fēng),在整體和各部分的比例上,斗拱雄大碩健,出檐深遠,屋頂坡度低緩,曲線剛勁有力。細部手法簡潔樸實。雕飾較少。這就使得遼、宋建筑具有迥然不同的形象。這時期的建筑裝飾絢麗而多彩。室內(nèi)的梁架、斗拱、虛柱(垂蓮柱)以及具有各種欞格的格子門、落地長窗等既有建筑結(jié)構(gòu)功能,又發(fā)揮了裝飾作用。房屋下部的須彌座和佛殿內(nèi)部的佛座多為石造,構(gòu)圖豐富多彩,雕刻也很精美。殿內(nèi)平某藻井、壁畫、佛像等的塑造也豐富多彩,體現(xiàn)了美學(xué)價值和“巧奪天工”的高超技藝。 云中古剎華嚴寺,是歷史的產(chǎn)物,文物的精華,它是中華名族智慧和創(chuàng)造力的結(jié)晶。是文明古國的象征,把古代建筑裝飾藝術(shù)傳承下去并發(fā)揚光大,我們應(yīng)該把它們做為現(xiàn)代建筑裝飾藝術(shù)的導(dǎo)航和基礎(chǔ),從中學(xué)習(xí)并把中國民族文化發(fā)揚光大!
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[Abstract]:Huayan Temple, located in Datong City, Shanxi Province, is a typical temple with the integration of Han culture and Liao and Jin cultures. The monastery is composed of Shanghua Yan Temple, Xianhua Yan Temple and Shanghai Guild Temple. Shanghua Yan Temple and Xihua Yan Temple broke the layout of the general monasteries sitting north and south, and the main buildings of the monasteries were located in the west and east (the meeting hall was sitting north and south, retaining the original characteristics of Han national culture), which was closely related to their unique national culture and religious beliefs at that time. Liang Sicheng, a famous architect, explained this position in eight words: "Liao people believe in ghosts and worship Japan as gods." This kind of architectural layout is also very rare in the whole country, but also one of the characteristics of Liao and Jin buildings. Huayan Temple is famous for its unique architectural level and extraordinary artistic style. Its layout is reasonable, which accords with the view of yin and yang universe and the aesthetic psychology of advocating symmetry, order and stability in the architectural pattern of Chinese ancients. The main hall was built with ancillary buildings to form a exquisite monastery. The monastery is a two-way courtyard, with Tianwang Temple, Guanyin Pavilion (South), Tibetan King Pavilion (North), Zhong Lou Pavilion and matching Hall, forming the north-south symmetrical, high and low Liao Jin architectural style. Among them, Shanghua Yan Temple Daxiong Temple magnificent momentum, large scale. Daxiong treasure hall stands on the tall platform, the main hall is the main hall of Shangsi, it and platform carving hurdle stone class are Liao Jin relics. Daxiong Temple sits west to east, with a width of nine (53.75 meters) and a depth of five (29 meters), with a total area of 1559 square meters. Its architectural structure is a single eaves and five ridges (veranda style), and the glass kiss on the main ridge of the temple is 4.5 meters high, in which the northern end kiss and the hall are the relics of the Jin Dynasty at the same time. This is the largest glass kiss in the early ancient buildings in China. The use of "column reduction method" in the temple is one of the main characteristics of Liao Dynasty architectural art. This form of architecture not only expands the space area, but also saves a lot of building materials. This is of great value to the study of how to use structural mechanics in ancient Chinese architecture. The whole hall is majestic, majestic and spectacular, and has a stable structure. It is one of the two largest Buddhist temples in our country (the other is Fengguo Temple Hall in Yixian County, Liaoning Province). Liao Dynasty has become a simple, thick, majestic wind in the Tang Dynasty. In the proportion of the whole and each part, the fighting arch is big and strong, the eaves are far-reaching, the roof slope is low and slow, and the curve is strong and strong. The details are simple and simple. There are fewer sculptures. This makes Liao and Song architecture have very different images. The architectural decorations of this period are beautiful and colorful. Indoor beam frame, bucket arch, virtual column (vertical lotus column) as well as lattice doors with all kinds of latticed doors, landing windows and so on not only have the function of architectural structure, but also play the role of decoration. The lower part of the house and the Buddhist pedestal inside the temple are mostly made of stone, rich and colorful in composition, and beautifully carved. The shaping of a algal well, mural painting and Buddha statues in the temple is also rich and colorful, reflecting the aesthetic value and the superb skill of "skillful work". Huayan Temple, an ancient temple in Yunzhong, is the product of history and the essence of cultural relics. It is the crystallization of the wisdom and creativity of the famous Chinese nationality. Is the symbol of ancient civilization, the ancient architectural decoration art is passed on and carried forward, we should regard them as the navigation and foundation of modern architectural decoration art, from which we should learn and carry forward the Chinese national culture!
【學(xué)位授予單位】：太原理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：J525

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