本文選題：標準被字構(gòu)式 + 新被字構(gòu)式��； 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：現(xiàn)代漢語被字句一直都是漢語語法研究的熱點，語言學(xué)各大流派從結(jié)構(gòu)主義到生成語法再到認知語言學(xué)都對這種特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)做過研究。當(dāng)前網(wǎng)上及各大報紙上出現(xiàn)的被字構(gòu)式，比如：“被自殺”，“被就業(yè)”,“被健康，“被失蹤”，“被死亡”“被自愿”，“被捐款”越來越備受關(guān)注。這種新用法我們叫它“新被字構(gòu)式”，為區(qū)別方便起見把原來的用法叫“標準被字構(gòu)式”。新被字構(gòu)式以其獨特，叛逆的結(jié)構(gòu)迅速吸引了語言學(xué)家及公眾的眼球，但之前的研究無論是結(jié)構(gòu)方面，還是語義方面都缺乏更為細致系統(tǒng)的描寫。本文結(jié)合大量語料，將新被字構(gòu)式與標準被字構(gòu)式在句法，語義方面做了對比，系統(tǒng)全面的總結(jié)了新被字構(gòu)式的句法語義特征，并在認知語言學(xué)視角下主要以主觀化理論為基礎(chǔ)，嘗試性地對個例進行分析，以解釋其語義動因。 通過對比，本文發(fā)現(xiàn)新被字構(gòu)式與典型被字構(gòu)式有很多相似之處，比如，句法上采用了標準被字構(gòu)式的結(jié)構(gòu)“NP1+被（NP2）+VP”。這使他們整體看起來很相似，但新被字構(gòu)式卻可以擁有更廣泛，開放的選擇來取代VP。標準被字構(gòu)式中謂語部分可以是及物動詞，，比如，“被殺害”，“被逮捕”，“被消滅”，“被認可”，“被解決”，或是單音節(jié)動詞加補語，比如，“被拉完”，“被絞死”，或是動賓結(jié)構(gòu)，比如，“被撤職”，“被免職”，“被授予勛章”，但是仍以及物動詞為主。新被字構(gòu)式中“被”后除可以是及物動詞，動補結(jié)構(gòu)，動賓結(jié)構(gòu)，還可以是不及物動詞，比如，“被死亡”，“被同居”，“被懷孕”，“被下降”；名詞，比如，“被韓國”，被新紅顏，“被大學(xué)”，“被艷照”，“被商標”；形容詞，比如，被萬能，“被熱鬧”，“被干凈”，“被富裕”；主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，比如，“被審美疲勞”，“被臉胖”，“被婚變”；數(shù)字，字母，成語等等。 通過句法我們看到，新被字構(gòu)式采用了典型被子構(gòu)式的結(jié)構(gòu)，主語仍然是受事，這使新被字構(gòu)式繼承了典型被字構(gòu)式的被動性，主語被動地受到某一事件的影響。這使得新被字構(gòu)式的基本語義還是表示遭受，同時這也是新被字構(gòu)式能夠被廣泛接受的語義基礎(chǔ)。標準被字構(gòu)式中主語為典型的受事，新被字構(gòu)式的主語卻承擔(dān)著施事和受事與一體的復(fù)雜局面。通過大量語料的解讀發(fā)現(xiàn)，新被字構(gòu)式的主語依然是受影響的，故仍然是受事。它繼承了標準被字構(gòu)式的被動性，而且是對“被”表遭受意義的一種回歸。古漢語中這一被動構(gòu)式“基本上表示不幸或者不愉快的事情”（王力，1980）。新被字構(gòu)式“被”字之后的成分在進入該構(gòu)式之前都是含有主動意義，而且表示如意，期望的語義色彩，而進入該構(gòu)式之后產(chǎn)生了強烈的反差，表示遭受，不如意等消極意義。新被字構(gòu)式大多以帶引號的形式出現(xiàn)，以表示對某種社會現(xiàn)象的諷刺，不滿和質(zhì)疑。當(dāng)然不排除能表示積極意義的可能性，比如，“被親戚”，“被酒醒”。新被字構(gòu)式使得“被”后成分擴大了，形式更加多樣化，不同的形式導(dǎo)致不同的意義，每個形式都會有對應(yīng)于這個形式的意義。而且新被字構(gòu)式的意義更依賴于語境，整個構(gòu)式的意義都不能僅從字面得出，內(nèi)涵更為豐富，是遭受義的擴展化，具體化。標準被字構(gòu)式主要表示“遭受”，而新被字構(gòu)式除了表“遭受”外，多指“不知不覺得扮演了某種角色或被認為做了某種事情”；“被迫”；“身不由己做某事”（側(cè)重動態(tài)的掙扎過程）；“被謊稱為，被認定為”；“看起來做了某事，其實沒有做或者是做樣子沒有真正達到做某事的目的”；“出乎意料的受益”。新被字構(gòu)式的這些意義都不能一看便知，必須通過閱讀語篇才能理解，這是新被字構(gòu)式的意義的新處所在。 基于上述討論，本文嘗試用主觀化理論來解釋新被字構(gòu)式語義的認知動因。蘭蓋克認為，主觀化就是言語場景的參與者，時間，地點，說話人的目的，態(tài)度，情感等因素參與了某構(gòu)式的概念化過程，成為意義的一部分，而并未在語言形式上表現(xiàn)出來。新被字構(gòu)式的語義不能僅從字面上獲得，要從每個構(gòu)式得以出現(xiàn)的語篇中解讀出來。它暗含了說話人對“被”后成分所表示的事件或社會現(xiàn)象的態(tài)度，看法，而這些都沒有表現(xiàn)在語言層面上。要真正理解這些意義，就必須把構(gòu)式的言語背景作為參考。說話人真正想要表達的意思，沒有體現(xiàn)在語言層面上，但是依然參與概念化的過程。這就是主觀化，也即是新被字構(gòu)式的認知動因。 通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，新被字構(gòu)式的出現(xiàn)有其社會根源，歷史根源，它繼承了典型被字構(gòu)式的特征并有所發(fā)展。它的形成是社會現(xiàn)實的客觀現(xiàn)狀和人類的認知相互作用的結(jié)果。
[Abstract]:Modern Chinese characters have always been a hot spot in the study of Chinese grammar. All the major schools of linguistics have studied this special structure from structuralism to generative grammar to cognitive linguistics. It is becoming more and more concerned about being "died", "being voluntarily", "being donated". This new usage is called "new type", which is called "standard word structure" for the convenience of distinction. In terms of structure and semantics, there is a lack of more detailed description of the system. In this paper, a comparison is made of the syntactic and semantic aspects of the new subject structure and the standard by the word structure with a large number of corpus, and a systematic and comprehensive summary of the syntactic and semantic features of the newly constructed type is systematically summarized, and the subjective theory is mainly based on the cognitive linguistic perspective. A case is analyzed to explain its semantic motivation.
Through comparison, we find that there are many similarities between the new type structure and the typical word structure. For example, the structure "NP1+ (NP2) +VP" is used as a syntactic structure, which makes them look similar, but the new word structure can have a wider and open choice to replace the predicate part of the VP. standard. It can be a transitive verb, such as "being killed", "arrested", "eliminated", "accepted", "solved", or a single syllable verb plus complement, such as "being pulled out", "being hanged", or a verb object structure, such as "being removed", "dismissal", "being awarded a medal", but still the main verb. New character. It can be a transitive verb, a verb complement structure, a verb object structure, and an intransitive verb, such as "being dead", "being cohabitation", "being pregnant", "down"; a noun, such as "by South Korea", by new red, "University", "Yan Zhao", "trademarks", adjectives, such as "omnipotent" "Lively", "clean", "affluent"; subject predicate structure, for example, "being fatigued by fatigue", "being fat by face", "being married", numbers, letters, idioms and so on.
Through the syntax we see that the new structure adopts a typical quilt structure, and the subject is still affected, which makes the new structure inherit the passivity of the typical structure, and the subject is passively affected by a certain event. The semantic basis is widely accepted. The subject of a standard is a typical subject, and the subject of a new word is a complex situation. Through a large number of materials, it is found that the subject is still affected, and it is still a matter. It inherits the passivity of the standard by the word structure. And it is a return to the meaning of the "being" table. In ancient Chinese, this passive construction "basically represents unfortunate or unpleasant things" (Wang Li, 1980). The composition of the newly constructed word "be" word contains the active meaning and the semantic color of expectation and expectation before entering the structure. Then there is a strong contrast, which indicates the negative meaning of suffering, such as unsatisfactory. Most of the new constructions appear in the form of quotation marks to express irony, dissatisfaction and doubt about some social phenomenon. Of course, it does not exclude the possibility of expressing positive meaning, such as "by relatives", "wake up". In addition, the form is more diverse and different forms lead to different meanings. Each form has its meaning to the form. Moreover, the meaning of the new form is more dependent on the context. The meaning of the whole structure can not be drawn from the literal only, the connotation is more abundant, it is the extension and the concrete of the meaning. The standard is mainly the word structure. In addition to "suffering", in addition to the "suffer", the new word is "not knowing how to play a role or be thought to have done something"; "compelled"; "not to do something by oneself" (a dynamic struggle); "being lied to, being identified as"; "it seems to have done something, but it does not do it or" It is the purpose of doing something that does not really achieve something ";" unexpected benefit ". The meaning of the new word structure can not be seen, and it must be understood through the reading text, which is the new place of the meaning of the new word structure.
Based on the above discussion, this article tries to use the subjective theory to explain the cognitive motivation of the new word structure semantics. As it comes out, the semantics of the newly formed structure can not be obtained literally from the literal text. It implies the speaker's attitude to the event or social phenomenon expressed by the "being", and these are not expressed at the language level. To truly understand these meanings, they must be constructed. The speech background is a reference. The meaning that the speaker really wants to express is not embodied in the language level, but is still involved in the process of conceptualization. This is subjectivism, that is, the cognitive motivation of the new word structure.
Through the study, it is found that the appearance of the new type of word structure has its social roots and historical roots. It inherits typical characters and develops. It is the result of the objective status of social reality and the interaction of human cognition.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H146.3

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