多元化的奧斯卡獲獎紀(jì)錄片研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-27 15:47
【摘要】：紀(jì)錄片被稱為人類的生存之鏡,世界上多數(shù)國家都高度重視紀(jì)錄片的文化傳承功能。美國“電影藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院獎”1942年開始給予加拿大紀(jì)錄片《丘吉爾之島》以最佳紀(jì)錄片獎之后,截止到2013年,一共有145部來自各國的優(yōu)秀紀(jì)錄片作品獲獎。其制作國家以美國為主,占據(jù)119部(其中含合拍10部),英(11部)、德(2部)、法(9部)、荷(3部)、加(5部)等主要發(fā)達(dá)國家都有獲獎,中國、印度、巴基斯坦、津巴布韋、墨西哥等發(fā)展中國家也各有一部獲獎。 從歷年的評獎規(guī)則來看,奧斯卡并未對紀(jì)錄片的題材、內(nèi)容、制作方的國別甚至是表現(xiàn)形式作太多限制,這一較為開放的規(guī)則實(shí)現(xiàn)了奧斯卡紀(jì)錄片的兼收并蓄,從制度層面保證了其多元化的作品多樣性。 奧斯卡官方網(wǎng)站已經(jīng)公布2014年第86屆紀(jì)錄片評比作品的評選規(guī)則,其中對于紀(jì)錄片的定義保持不變：“取得獲獎資格的紀(jì)錄片從理論上必須為非虛構(gòu)的影片,涉及文化、藝術(shù)、歷史、社會、科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)以及其它領(lǐng)域。在強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)和非虛構(gòu)的情況下,紀(jì)錄片是對真實(shí)事件的拍攝,可以運(yùn)用部分情景再現(xiàn)、影片資料、劇照、動畫、單格拍制以及其它拍攝技術(shù)�！睆囊�(guī)則中可以看到,這一定義最基本的要求就是“非虛構(gòu)”,對于具體制作手段沒有太多限制。因此,是否可以給紀(jì)錄片一個合理的概念限定,本文認(rèn)為可以在非虛構(gòu)性的前提下做如下定義：紀(jì)錄片是對客觀對象的再現(xiàn)與非虛構(gòu)記錄。 紀(jì)錄片可以實(shí)現(xiàn)重大事件的歷史記錄,雖然并非所有紀(jì)錄片都是一種鏡像式的記錄,但奧斯卡的獲獎紀(jì)錄片與同時代的社會有緊密的聯(lián)系,無論是戰(zhàn)火硝煙的影像記錄、動蕩不定的社會生活還是拓展視野的后911時代,社會的多元化造就奧斯卡獲獎紀(jì)錄片的多元化。奧斯卡成就了諸多優(yōu)秀紀(jì)錄片,也成就了一大批紀(jì)錄片導(dǎo)演,奧斯卡獲獎紀(jì)錄片的導(dǎo)演也和紀(jì)錄片本身一樣表現(xiàn)為多元化,有一百余名不同膚色、性別、文化背景的導(dǎo)演獲獎。 奧斯卡的頒獎從其本質(zhì)而言屬于一種商業(yè)化的電影推銷手段,但開設(shè)紀(jì)錄片獎以來,眾多獲獎紀(jì)錄片濃縮了同時代的歷史,同樣也是對未來的展望。72年的奧斯卡獲獎作品就是72年的相冊,反映了話語權(quán)的改變、視野的變化,并且商業(yè)價值不斷得到凸顯。 由于紀(jì)錄片本身的紀(jì)實(shí)特性,145部紀(jì)錄片可以給同時代的美國乃至世界描繪出一幅基本完整的社會全景圖。無論是戰(zhàn)爭,還是環(huán)境、醫(yī)療、同性戀、貧困問題……基本被納入奧斯卡獲獎紀(jì)錄片選題的視野。國際化的視野也使奧斯卡獲獎作品呈現(xiàn)一種“地球村”的互視,奧斯卡紀(jì)錄片選題的多樣性是其多元化的重要保障。 奧斯卡獲獎紀(jì)錄片的多元化不僅體現(xiàn)在內(nèi)容和選題上,對于其敘事方式進(jìn)行考察可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其仍然存在著多元發(fā)展的態(tài)勢,敘事風(fēng)格也存在著明顯的轉(zhuǎn)向,從早期格里爾遜式紀(jì)錄片的解說詞灌輸教導(dǎo)到直接電影為主要形式的客觀觀察式記錄,直至今天的帶有明顯故事性、“虛構(gòu)性”的新紀(jì)錄電影,奧斯卡獲獎紀(jì)錄片經(jīng)歷了一個故事化敘事風(fēng)格的轉(zhuǎn)向。國際化與商業(yè)化類型的紀(jì)錄片并不違背奧斯卡對于紀(jì)錄片選擇的規(guī)則,同樣符合美國的傳統(tǒng)理念和主流文化,成為紀(jì)錄片多元化格局的一個重要方面。其中直接電影形式的紀(jì)錄片是一種“零度”的記錄,新紀(jì)錄電影則摻雜較多的主觀因素。 奧斯卡原本是一個美國國內(nèi)的獎項(xiàng),應(yīng)該說和中國本無必然的聯(lián)系,但在全球化、多元化的態(tài)勢之下,特別是紀(jì)錄片獎項(xiàng)長期以來堅(jiān)持的開放原則,奧斯卡對于中國存在一定的影響與聯(lián)系。 奧斯卡開設(shè)紀(jì)錄片獎以來有意無意之間形成多元化的格局,中國以其國際社會中的重要地位和題材資源的多樣性,中國問題、中國元素也應(yīng)是“多元”中重要的一支。 奧斯卡獲獎紀(jì)錄片中直接和中國相關(guān)的只有《穎州的孩子》和《從毛澤東到莫扎特：1979年斯坦在中國》兩部,但介入角度較為片面和受到限制,只能是一種隔著車窗的“觀看”。由于缺乏雙向與全面的真實(shí)溝通與交流,不僅國外觀眾對于中國存在隔著車窗的“觀看”這樣一種不真實(shí)的感覺,中國觀眾對于奧斯卡紀(jì)錄片的認(rèn)識也存在偏頗,即中國觀眾也可能下意識地從中國的視角去理解它們,自身的偏見會使中國觀眾非理性的設(shè)想奧斯卡紀(jì)錄片一定會蓄意破壞中國形象,從而對其產(chǎn)生偏見,帶著“偏見”看“偏見”呈現(xiàn)一種雙重偏見。 紀(jì)錄片對于自然與社會的真實(shí)記錄與再現(xiàn)本身就彌補(bǔ)了奧斯卡過于商業(yè)化、娛樂化的缺陷,也是奧斯卡的一種救贖。在多元化的背景下,中國紀(jì)錄片也應(yīng)該以自己的特色內(nèi)容加入到多元化的奧斯卡選題之中,以增加奧斯卡紀(jì)錄片的全面性和多元性。 縱觀72年的奧斯卡獲獎紀(jì)錄片,多元化的格局已經(jīng)形成,但也有進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的空間。中國元素、中國紀(jì)錄片更多地加入到奧斯卡的行列將是奧斯卡完成自我救贖的不二選擇,也是完善其多元化的重要補(bǔ)充。
[Abstract]:Documentary is known as the mirror of human survival, and most countries in the world attach great importance to the cultural heritage function of documentaries. Award-winning. Its production countries mainly in the United States, accounting for 119 (including co-production 10), Britain (11), Germany (2), France (9), the Netherlands (3), plus (5) and other major developed countries have won the prize, China, India, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Mexico and other developing countries have also won one.
Judging from the award rules over the years, Oscar has not made too many restrictions on the subject matter, content, producer's country or even the form of expression of the documentary. This relatively open rule realizes the incorporation of Oscar documentaries and guarantees the diversity of its works from the institutional level.
The Academy Award-winning documentary must theoretically be non-fictional, covering cultural, artistic, historical, social, scientific, economic and other fields. It emphasizes facts and non-fiction. In this case, documentary is the shooting of real events, can use part of the scene reproduction, film materials, stills, animation, single shot and other shooting techniques. "As you can see from the rules, the basic requirement of this definition is" non-fiction ", for the specific means of production is not too limited. Therefore, whether documentary can be given one. This paper holds that a documentary is a reappearance of an objective object and a non-fictional record.
Documentary can record the history of major events. Although not all documentaries are mirror-like records, Oscar-winning documentaries are closely related to contemporary societies, whether it is war-torn video records, turbulent social life or the post-911 era, which broadens the horizons of social pluralism. Academy Award-winning documentary diversification. Academy Award has made a lot of outstanding documentary films, but also a large number of documentary directors. Academy Award-winning documentary directors and the documentary itself also manifested diversification, there are more than 100 different skin color, gender, cultural background directors were awarded.
Oscar awards are essentially a commercial means of film promotion, but since the launch of the documentary awards, many award-winning documentaries have condensed contemporary history, as well as prospects for the future. Continue to be highlighted.
Because of its documentary nature, 145 documentaries can give contemporary America and the world a basically complete picture of society. Whether it is war, or the environment, health care, homosexuality, poverty issues. The diversity of Oscar documentary topics is an important guarantee for the diversification of the "global village" of mutual vision.
The diversification of Oscar-winning documentaries is not only reflected in the content and topics, but also in the pluralistic development trend and the obvious change of narrative style, from the early Grierson-style documentary narrative teaching to the objective observation of direct film as the main form. Academy Award-winning documentaries have undergone a change in narrative style. Internationalized and commercial documentaries do not violate Oscar's rules for documentary selection, but also conform to American traditional ideas and mainstream culture. Documentary film is an important aspect of the diversification pattern, in which the direct film form of documentary film is a "zero" record, and the new documentary film is doped with more subjective factors.
Oscar is originally a domestic award in the United States, it should be said that there is no inevitable connection with China, but in the situation of globalization and diversification, especially the documented Film Awards have long adhered to the principle of openness, Oscar for China has a certain impact and contact.
Since the opening of the Academy Award for Documentary Film, China has formed a diversified pattern intentionally or unintentionally. China, with its important position in the international community and the diversity of thematic resources, should also be an important part of the "diversification".
The only documentaries directly related to China in the Academy Award-winning movies are "Yingzhou Children" and "From Mao Zedong to Mozart: Stan in China in 1979". However, the perspective of intervention is one-sided and limited, and can only be a "viewing" through the window. Due to the lack of two-way and comprehensive real communication, not only foreign audiences are concerned about it. There is an unreal feeling of "watching" through the car window in China, and the Chinese audience's understanding of Oscar documentaries is biased, that is, Chinese audiences may subconsciously understand them from a Chinese perspective, and their own prejudices will make Chinese audiences irrationally assume that the Oscar documentaries will deliberately destroy China. As a result, the image is prejudiced and prejudiced with prejudice.
Documentary documentary for the true record and reproduction of nature and society itself to make up for the defects of the Oscar too commercial, entertainment, but also a salvation of the Oscar. In the context of diversification, Chinese documentary should also be added to the diversified Oscar theme with its own characteristics, in order to increase the overall Oscar documentary. Sex and diversity.
Throughout the 72-year Academy Award-winning documentary, the diversification pattern has been formed, but there is room for further development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：J952
本文編號：2207730
[Abstract]:Documentary is known as the mirror of human survival, and most countries in the world attach great importance to the cultural heritage function of documentaries. Award-winning. Its production countries mainly in the United States, accounting for 119 (including co-production 10), Britain (11), Germany (2), France (9), the Netherlands (3), plus (5) and other major developed countries have won the prize, China, India, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Mexico and other developing countries have also won one.
Judging from the award rules over the years, Oscar has not made too many restrictions on the subject matter, content, producer's country or even the form of expression of the documentary. This relatively open rule realizes the incorporation of Oscar documentaries and guarantees the diversity of its works from the institutional level.
The Academy Award-winning documentary must theoretically be non-fictional, covering cultural, artistic, historical, social, scientific, economic and other fields. It emphasizes facts and non-fiction. In this case, documentary is the shooting of real events, can use part of the scene reproduction, film materials, stills, animation, single shot and other shooting techniques. "As you can see from the rules, the basic requirement of this definition is" non-fiction ", for the specific means of production is not too limited. Therefore, whether documentary can be given one. This paper holds that a documentary is a reappearance of an objective object and a non-fictional record.
Documentary can record the history of major events. Although not all documentaries are mirror-like records, Oscar-winning documentaries are closely related to contemporary societies, whether it is war-torn video records, turbulent social life or the post-911 era, which broadens the horizons of social pluralism. Academy Award-winning documentary diversification. Academy Award has made a lot of outstanding documentary films, but also a large number of documentary directors. Academy Award-winning documentary directors and the documentary itself also manifested diversification, there are more than 100 different skin color, gender, cultural background directors were awarded.
Oscar awards are essentially a commercial means of film promotion, but since the launch of the documentary awards, many award-winning documentaries have condensed contemporary history, as well as prospects for the future. Continue to be highlighted.
Because of its documentary nature, 145 documentaries can give contemporary America and the world a basically complete picture of society. Whether it is war, or the environment, health care, homosexuality, poverty issues. The diversity of Oscar documentary topics is an important guarantee for the diversification of the "global village" of mutual vision.
The diversification of Oscar-winning documentaries is not only reflected in the content and topics, but also in the pluralistic development trend and the obvious change of narrative style, from the early Grierson-style documentary narrative teaching to the objective observation of direct film as the main form. Academy Award-winning documentaries have undergone a change in narrative style. Internationalized and commercial documentaries do not violate Oscar's rules for documentary selection, but also conform to American traditional ideas and mainstream culture. Documentary film is an important aspect of the diversification pattern, in which the direct film form of documentary film is a "zero" record, and the new documentary film is doped with more subjective factors.
Oscar is originally a domestic award in the United States, it should be said that there is no inevitable connection with China, but in the situation of globalization and diversification, especially the documented Film Awards have long adhered to the principle of openness, Oscar for China has a certain impact and contact.
Since the opening of the Academy Award for Documentary Film, China has formed a diversified pattern intentionally or unintentionally. China, with its important position in the international community and the diversity of thematic resources, should also be an important part of the "diversification".
The only documentaries directly related to China in the Academy Award-winning movies are "Yingzhou Children" and "From Mao Zedong to Mozart: Stan in China in 1979". However, the perspective of intervention is one-sided and limited, and can only be a "viewing" through the window. Due to the lack of two-way and comprehensive real communication, not only foreign audiences are concerned about it. There is an unreal feeling of "watching" through the car window in China, and the Chinese audience's understanding of Oscar documentaries is biased, that is, Chinese audiences may subconsciously understand them from a Chinese perspective, and their own prejudices will make Chinese audiences irrationally assume that the Oscar documentaries will deliberately destroy China. As a result, the image is prejudiced and prejudiced with prejudice.
Documentary documentary for the true record and reproduction of nature and society itself to make up for the defects of the Oscar too commercial, entertainment, but also a salvation of the Oscar. In the context of diversification, Chinese documentary should also be added to the diversified Oscar theme with its own characteristics, in order to increase the overall Oscar documentary. Sex and diversity.
Throughout the 72-year Academy Award-winning documentary, the diversification pattern has been formed, but there is room for further development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：J952
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