對政策性銀行實施經(jīng)濟資本管理的研究
摘 要
因此,當前銀行體系的資本管理困境,以及尚未完全成型的政策性銀行經(jīng)濟資本管理現(xiàn)狀,決定了政策性銀行經(jīng)濟資本管理的重要性與必要性。按照1994年我國三大政策性銀行成立時的資本金安排,國家財政從預算計劃中安排470億元人民幣資本金,并通過逐年劃撥的形式予以補充。直至2015年,我國關(guān)于政策性銀行資本管理才成形并用于實踐,國開行獲批的深化改革方案并未強調(diào)商業(yè)化轉(zhuǎn)型,而是明確定位為“開發(fā)性金融機構(gòu)”,在一定程度上向著政策性回歸。同時,中國進出口銀行“要強化政策性職能定位”,中國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行 “要堅持以政策性業(yè)務為主體”,均進一步明確了政策性定位。而三大銀行的資本充足率將統(tǒng)一按照10.5%的標準實施,較之于商業(yè)銀行8%的比率要高,體現(xiàn)了對政策性銀行更高的風控要求。
從政策性銀行對風險的要求來看,核心資本比率應高于商業(yè)銀行;從我國政策性銀行的經(jīng)營模式來看,理應比發(fā)達國家的開發(fā)性銀行更高。但是3家政策性銀行沒有建立一個持續(xù)有效穩(wěn)定的資本補充機制,在政策性銀行地位明確的同時,難以形成自主抗風險的資本回流機制,繼續(xù)造就政策性銀行的國家信用兜底的老套路。本研究旨在解構(gòu)我國政策性銀行的資本管理所存在的上述問題,并基于此提出我國政策性銀行經(jīng)濟資本管理的解決方式與路徑分析。
關(guān)鍵字:政策性銀行;經(jīng)濟資本管理;風險控制;資本充足率
Abstract
Policy bank economic capital management, compared with the commercial banks should have more system of capital management measures, but due to the endorsement of the policy bank "policy" background, making China's policy banks capital management from concept to the implementation of specific measures, they are always in the state of "vacancy". Therefore, the careful interpretation of China's policy banks in the implementation of economic management policy recommendations, the need to emphasize and uphold the idea and the system of the two themes. If the concept of economic capital management is absent, and the lack of accurate measurement technology of economic capital, strict economic capital management system should become a temporary alternative to scientific management methods of institutional measures. And the implementation of economic capital management measures, is the intermediary path of China's policy banks risk control. The beginning of the economic capital management initiatives is to improve the economic capital allocation, as a result of precise measurement of economic capital is still the lack of estimation of the total economic capital and economic capital structure unreasonable allocation, in short, economic capital is to limit the risk of configuration. Obviously, the effective allocation of economic capital is the identification, preset and asset allocation of risk from the quantity and structure. In addition, whether it is the micro basis of the bank's internal rating, or based on the macro issues of systemic risk, the statistics and analysis of large data, is the information base of the current risk management measures of the bank. The execution and implementation of information technology, is built on the concept of modern risk management based on is not only the absence of policy bank information management technology, the data resources of the Commercial Bank of our country from the rights management, data management and technical processing are lack of.
Therefore, the current capital management of the banking system, as well as the policy banks have not fully formed the economic capital management status quo, the policy banks to determine the importance and necessity of economic capital management. According to the three policy banks in 1994, the establishment of capital arrangements, the state financial arrangements for 47 billion yuan of capital from the budget plan, and through the allocation of the form to be added. Until 2015, China's policy on bank capital management took shape and used in practice, the CDB approved deepen reform program did not emphasize business transformation, but clear positioning for the "development of financial institutions", return toward the policy in a certain extent. At the same time, China's import and export bank to strengthen the policy of functional orientation, China's agricultural development bank to adhere to the policy of business as the main body, are further defined policy orientation. And three bank's capital adequacy ratio will be unified and implemented according to the standard of 10.5%, ratio of 8% compared with commercial banks to high, reflecting the higher on the policy bank risk control requirements.From the international general situation, the capital adequacy ratio of the policy banks will be much higher than the general commercial bank. At the same time, compared with developed countries, the capital adequacy ratio of developing countries is higher. But three policy banks did not establish a sustained stable and effective capital replenishment mechanism, policy banks position clear at the same time, difficult to form independent anti risk capital return mechanism, continue to create policy banks in the national credit reveal all the details of the old routine.
So this paper according to the Bank of China's policy of financial institutions or policies to achieve unity in accordance with the requirements of regulation of 10.5% or more of the capital adequacy ratio, and the scientific and effective management and Research on the capital structure and the related risk.
Key words: policy bank; economic capital management; risk control; capital adequacy ratio
目 錄
摘 要 2Abstract 4
第一章 導論 6
一、選題背景 6
二、選題目的與研究意義 6
三、研究思路和方法 7
四、論文框架 7
五、技術(shù)路線 9
第二章 文獻概述 10
一、相關(guān)概念 10
(一)資本管理 10
(二)經(jīng)濟資本 10
(三)經(jīng)濟資本的特征 11
二、我國政策性銀行經(jīng)濟資本管理的現(xiàn)狀 11
(一)金融風險來源與經(jīng)濟資本管理 11
(二)政策性銀行資本籌措渠道 12
(三)金融機構(gòu)風險管理與經(jīng)濟資本管理 14
三、本章小結(jié) 14
第三章 國外銀行實施經(jīng)濟資本管理的經(jīng)驗與啟示 16
一、國外經(jīng)驗 16
二、實施經(jīng)濟資本管理的概化性困境 17
(一)經(jīng)濟資本管理的系統(tǒng)性“缺位” 17
(二)經(jīng)濟資本管理的制度化“缺位” 17
(三)經(jīng)濟資本管理的技術(shù)“缺位” 18
三、國外經(jīng)驗對我國的啟示 18
四、本章小結(jié) 19
第四章 我國政策性銀行經(jīng)濟資本管理的現(xiàn)狀 21
一、缺乏穩(wěn)定的資本籌集機制 21
二、資金來源渠道有限而單一 22
三、資本與風險的錯配 23
四、缺乏長效的資本管理規(guī)劃 24
五、缺少相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)和制度保證 24
六、本章小結(jié) 25
第五章 我國經(jīng)濟資本管理存在的現(xiàn)實困境深化分析 26
一、經(jīng)濟資本管理的困境現(xiàn)狀與解決路徑 26
(一)經(jīng)濟資本管理的定性與定量“缺位”現(xiàn)狀 26
(二)經(jīng)濟資本管理的制度化“缺位”困境 27
(三)經(jīng)濟資本管理的技術(shù)“缺位” 27
二、實施經(jīng)濟資本管理的政策建議 28
(一)加強經(jīng)濟資本管理理念 28
(二)提高經(jīng)濟資本計量精確度 29
(三)改進經(jīng)濟資本配置機制 30
(四)夯實內(nèi)部評級基礎 31
(五)加強管理信息系統(tǒng)建設 31
(六)強化經(jīng)濟資本管理的外部保障 32
三、本章小結(jié) 32
第六章 總結(jié)與展望 34
參考文獻 38
第一章 導論
一、選題背景
作為企業(yè)角色的金融機構(gòu),具有追逐利益的驅(qū)動;而作為經(jīng)營特殊商品---貨幣的金融機構(gòu),越來越注重保持經(jīng)營穩(wěn)健性的需求,也即風險管理的必要性。關(guān)于風險管理,是金融機構(gòu)對損失可能性的資本配置。最為有名的商業(yè)銀行風險管理標準,是巴塞爾系列協(xié)議。其中,風險加權(quán)資本比重不低于8%,也即對敞口風險的資本配置比例。值得注意的是,由內(nèi)部評級方式構(gòu)造的資本管理措施,存在諸如風險控制措施單一化 ,以及監(jiān)管資本的風險管理有效性等問題,致使當前金融風險管理措施有效性不斷受到質(zhì)疑。政策性銀行的經(jīng)濟資本管理,相較于商業(yè)銀行,存在規(guī)范有余而創(chuàng)新不足的困境,尤其是經(jīng)濟資本管理具有較新的創(chuàng)新理念,但由于政策性銀行的“政策”背書背景,使得我國政策性銀行的資本管理從理念到具體執(zhí)行措施,都處于“缺位”狀態(tài) 。因此,在仔細解讀我國政策性銀行實施經(jīng)濟賊本管理的政策建議時,需要強調(diào)并秉承的是“理念”與“系統(tǒng)性”兩個主題 。如果經(jīng)濟資本管理理念缺位,且經(jīng)濟資本精確計量技術(shù)缺乏,嚴謹?shù)慕?jīng)濟資本管理制度就應該成為暫時替代科學管理方法的制度性措施。而經(jīng)濟資本管理措施的執(zhí)行,是我國政策性銀行風險控制的中介路徑。經(jīng)濟資本管理舉措的開始則是改進當前經(jīng)濟資本配置,如經(jīng)濟資本精確計量的結(jié)果仍然是對經(jīng)濟資本總量的估算不足,以及經(jīng)濟資本結(jié)構(gòu)的不合理配置,簡言之,經(jīng)濟資本是對風險限額的配置 。顯然,經(jīng)濟資本的有效配置,是對風險從量和結(jié)構(gòu)上的識別、預置與資產(chǎn)配置。另外,,無論是銀行內(nèi)部評級的微觀基礎,還是基于系統(tǒng)性風險的宏觀問題,大數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計與分析,是當前銀行風險管理測度的信息化基礎。誠然,在信息處理技術(shù)的支持下,經(jīng)濟資本管理的收益與風險控制價值能更大 ,我國商業(yè)銀行的數(shù)據(jù)資源從權(quán)限管理、數(shù)據(jù)管理到技術(shù)處理都是缺乏的。
第六章 總結(jié)與展望
我國政策性銀行的誕生于20世紀90年代,起步相對較晚,目前還處于不斷摸索發(fā)展模式的階段。隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)的時代特征,包括政策性銀行在內(nèi)的金融系統(tǒng)都在發(fā)生深層次的變革,這些變革都是為了保證資金配套對實體經(jīng)濟支持的有效性,無一不是圍繞收益與風險展開。因此,政策性銀行的經(jīng)濟資本管理作為聯(lián)接收益與風險的戰(zhàn)略性管理模式的實施,分為了外部資本管理與內(nèi)部資本管理。
政策性銀行的經(jīng)濟資本管理,相較于商業(yè)銀行,理應具有更為系統(tǒng)的資本管理措施,但是,政府信用不是政策性銀行經(jīng)營過程中最重要風險管理方式的替代品,不能因為政府信用的存在而使政策性銀行風險管理職能被弱化,反而導致政策性銀行的管理弱勢。因此,在仔細解讀我國政策性銀行實施經(jīng)濟賊本管理的政策建議時,需要強調(diào)并秉承的是“理念”與“系統(tǒng)性”兩個主題。如果經(jīng)濟資本管理理念缺位,且經(jīng)濟資本精確計量技術(shù)缺乏,嚴謹?shù)慕?jīng)濟資本管理制度就應該成為暫時替代科學管理方法的制度性措施。而經(jīng)濟資本管理措施的執(zhí)行,是我國政策性銀行風險控制的中介路徑。因此,本文得出的主要結(jié)論如下:本文編號:369859
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