發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-01-06 06:24

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》適用于北極地區(qū)的基本法律問(wèn)題研究　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 北極 聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約 地理不利國(guó)家 法律適用

【摘要】：隨著北極海冰的加速融化,各個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)北極利益的爭(zhēng)奪愈發(fā)激烈。其爭(zhēng)奪的利益主要在于北極地區(qū)豐富的自然資源與重要的商業(yè)價(jià)值、戰(zhàn)略價(jià)值。而北極不同于南極的地方在于,北極圈內(nèi)存在著八個(gè)國(guó)家的領(lǐng)土,這也決定了北極地區(qū)擁有自己的特殊性:北極八國(guó)勢(shì)必不遺余力地維護(hù)甚至擴(kuò)大自己在北極地區(qū)的主權(quán)與主權(quán)權(quán)利從而拒絕他國(guó)分享或削弱自己的相關(guān)權(quán)益。亦是如此,北極地區(qū)在現(xiàn)實(shí)上難以達(dá)成與《南極條約》相類似的專門性國(guó)際條約來(lái)一攬子解決北極的法律問(wèn)題。但國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端并不會(huì)因?yàn)楸睒O國(guó)際法的缺失而停止,從漢斯島領(lǐng)土之爭(zhēng),到大陸架界限之爭(zhēng),再到公海開(kāi)發(fā)、航道權(quán)屬之爭(zhēng),世界各個(gè)國(guó)家利用國(guó)際法律的掩蓋下積極開(kāi)展北極資源的利益爭(zhēng)奪戰(zhàn),愈演愈烈,《公約》成為了當(dāng)時(shí)一部囊括所有海洋事項(xiàng)的"海洋憲章",其普遍適用性為當(dāng)前北極爭(zhēng)端提供了可以更好地解決北極問(wèn)題的平臺(tái)。其中,不僅北極八國(guó)依照《公約》主張自己排他的主權(quán)及主權(quán)權(quán)利,其他地理不利國(guó)家也紛紛通過(guò)《公約》來(lái)主張其在北極地區(qū)應(yīng)有的權(quán)利和利益,由此加重了北極地緣政治關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性。鑒于現(xiàn)有的北極多邊法律文件以及環(huán)北極國(guó)家行使主權(quán)的實(shí)踐,在"人類共同繼承"原則下,亟需澄清環(huán)北極國(guó)家在《公約》下的權(quán)利義務(wù),進(jìn)而協(xié)調(diào)好它們與地理不利國(guó)家之間的關(guān)系。中國(guó)作為"近北極國(guó)家"與"北極利益攸關(guān)者",秉持著國(guó)際合作與和平開(kāi)發(fā)北極的策略。如何更好地利用《公約》"人類共同繼承財(cái)產(chǎn)原則"來(lái)主張自己的北極權(quán)益,如何利用政治外交途徑來(lái)增加自己在北極地區(qū)的話語(yǔ)權(quán),是中國(guó)北極戰(zhàn)略選擇的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。本文共有六個(gè)部分,其中四個(gè)部分為正文,這四部分對(duì)題目展開(kāi)了詳細(xì)的論述。第二部分介紹北極地區(qū)的地理特征及其豐富的戰(zhàn)略價(jià)值,同時(shí)也是研究的研究背景。隨后闡述北極地區(qū)的基本法律問(wèn)題,包括扇形原則、先占原則及北極地區(qū)所存在的國(guó)際法律文本等,最后落腳《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》的出臺(tái),并銜接下一部分對(duì)《公約》展開(kāi)詳細(xì)的論述。第三部分首先闡述北極地區(qū)不同于南極地區(qū)的特殊性,從而通過(guò)論證否定"南極條約"等其他解決北極問(wèn)題的路徑。隨后通過(guò)闡述《公約》的普遍適用性,與其他國(guó)際條約的兼容性來(lái)論證《公約》應(yīng)成為處理北極事務(wù)的核心法律依據(jù)。第四部分在《公約》核心地位的基礎(chǔ)上,闡述環(huán)北極國(guó)家及地理不利國(guó)家依據(jù)《公約》所主張的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利,隨后作者從《公約》具體規(guī)定出發(fā),對(duì)這些主張的正當(dāng)性與合理性進(jìn)行研究。著重分析了環(huán)北極國(guó)家權(quán)益與地理不利國(guó)家權(quán)益間的關(guān)系,著重論述了二者此消彼長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系。第五部分結(jié)合《公約》的規(guī)定,回歸中國(guó)這一發(fā)展中國(guó)家與非北極國(guó)家的最典型代表,在借鑒其他國(guó)家成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)的同時(shí),結(jié)合中國(guó)特殊國(guó)情,總結(jié)中國(guó)未來(lái)北極戰(zhàn)略的路徑選擇。
[Abstract]:With the accelerated melting of the Arctic sea ice, various countries of the Arctic interests increasingly fierce competition. The competition for interest lies mainly in the rich natural resources in the Arctic region and an important commercial value and strategic value. Different from the Antarctic and Arctic lies in the Arctic Circle, in memory of eight national territory, which also determines the Arctic has its own particularity: the Arctic will spare no effort to maintain and even expand themselves in the Arctic sovereignty and sovereign rights to refuse to share his country or weaken their relative interests. So it is, in reality, it is difficult to reach the Arctic and Antarctic Treaty > < special international treaty similar to a package to solve legal problems Arctic. But international disputes and not because of lack of the international law and stop, from the Hans islands territorial disputes, to the limits of the continental shelf dispute, and then to the high seas development channel The ownership dispute, all the countries in the world use interests actively carry out the Arctic resources under the cover of international legal battle intensified, "Convention" became a part of all marine matters "ocean charter", its universal applicability provides can better solve the problem of the current arctic arctic dispute. The platform not only. In accordance with the "Convention" Arctic claim their exclusive sovereignty and sovereign rights, other countries have the "adverse geographical Convention" in the Arctic due to assert its rights and interests, thus increasing the complexity of the geopolitical relations. In view of existing multilateral legal documents and the practice of the arctic arctic national sovereignty. In the "common heritage of mankind" principle, to clarify the rights and obligations in the Arctic countries "under the Convention", and coordinate the relationship between them and the country. Chinese unfavorable geography As "near Arctic state" and "the Arctic stakeholder", with international cooperation and peaceful development of the Arctic strategy. How to make better use of < > "Convention on the principle of common heritage of mankind" to assert their rights and interests of the Arctic, how to use political and diplomatic means to increase their own in the Arctic region is the right to speak, Chinese Arctic the strategic choice of a pressing matter of the moment. This paper consists of six parts, the four part is the main body, the four part of the topic is carried out in detail. The second part introduces the geographical features of the Arctic region and the strategic value of rich, is also on the research background at the same time. Then elaborate the basic legal issues of the Arctic region, including the sector principle the existence of the first principle, and in the Arctic international legal texts, finally settled on "the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea" is introduced, and convergence of the next part of < convention > expansion in detail. The three part is the Arctic region is different from the particularity of the Antarctic region, thus negating the "Antarctic Treaty" to solve the problem of the other Arctic route through demonstration. Then through the universal applicability of < > this Convention, and other international treaties to demonstrate the compatibility of < Convention "should be the core legal basis of Arctic affairs. In the fourth part based on < > the core status of the Convention on the rights of the Arctic countries, and unfavorable national geographic basis that convention > < < >, then the author from the specific provisions of the Convention, to study the legitimacy and rationality of these claims. This paper analyzes relations of the Arctic countries interests and national interests between the geographical disadvantage the focuses on the shift in the relationship between the two. The fifth part combined with the provisions of the" Convention ", the China regression of developing countries and non Arctic countries the most typical representative, in reference to the other At the same time of successful experience of the country, the path selection of China's future Arctic strategy is summed up in the light of China's special national conditions.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D993.5

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1 方正;《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》適用于北極地區(qū)的基本法律問(wèn)題研究[D];武漢大學(xué);2017年

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