發(fā)布時間：2018-09-04 09:49

【摘要】：本文通過查閱、整理、分析相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料,對典型地區(qū)設(shè)施作物灌溉制度進(jìn)行綜合評價,建立了設(shè)施作物灌溉制度數(shù)據(jù)庫,并開發(fā)了灌溉制度查詢系統(tǒng)。為準(zhǔn)確掌握土壤墑情信息,提高灌溉決策精確度,設(shè)計制作了高精度剖面土壤水分傳感器。以溫室番茄為例開展田間試驗,對不同灌溉制度下溫室番茄的生理生態(tài)指標(biāo)、產(chǎn)量與水分利用效率、產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)等進(jìn)行了試驗研究,并采用基于熵權(quán)的逼近理想解法對灌溉制度進(jìn)行分析評價。同時,對溫室內(nèi)外小氣候變化規(guī)律及作物需水量與水面蒸發(fā)量的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行了研究分析,提出了設(shè)施作物需水量溫度灌溉決策模型,并將灌溉制度數(shù)據(jù)庫和灌溉決策模型集成應(yīng)用于智能灌溉決策系統(tǒng)中。主要研究成果如下：1、系統(tǒng)分析和總結(jié)了我國部分地區(qū)設(shè)施作物灌溉制度,構(gòu)建了灌溉制度綜合評價指標(biāo)體系,并采用基于熵權(quán)的逼近理想解法對灌溉制度進(jìn)行了評價分析,獲得最優(yōu)灌溉制度。在此基礎(chǔ)上,建立了設(shè)施作物灌溉制度數(shù)據(jù)庫,并開發(fā)了設(shè)施作物灌溉制度查詢系統(tǒng),為優(yōu)化各地區(qū)灌溉制度提供理論依據(jù)與技術(shù)支撐。2、基于高頻電容邊緣場效應(yīng),采用有限元法對探頭微量化電容周圍電場強(qiáng)度和電容值進(jìn)行仿真分析,確定了最優(yōu)探頭結(jié)構(gòu),設(shè)計制作了結(jié)構(gòu)新穎的高精度剖面土壤水分傳感器。計算和試驗結(jié)果表明,該傳感器能夠適用于不同類型的土壤水分測量,測量精度為±1.31%,具有很高的穩(wěn)定性和一致性。3、以溫室番茄為例開展田間試驗,對不同灌溉制度下番茄的生理生態(tài)指標(biāo)、產(chǎn)量、水分利用效率及果實品質(zhì)等進(jìn)行了試驗研究,結(jié)果表明：a)不同生育期灌水量的差異對形態(tài)指標(biāo)、干物質(zhì)量、根冠比、產(chǎn)量等影響程度不盡相同,開花坐果期對灌水量反應(yīng)最大；b)各生育期耗水量大小順序為,開花坐果期苗期果實成熟期；各生育期土壤水分敏感程度,開花坐果期最大,果實成熟期和苗期的敏感程度較�。籧)灌水量增加可以增加單果重,降低糖酸比；開花坐果期適度的減少灌水量可以提高番茄的可溶性糖含量。d)采用基于熵權(quán)的逼近理想解法對不同灌溉制度進(jìn)行綜合評價,獲得最優(yōu)灌溉制度：苗期灌水量37mm,開花坐果期灌水量44mm；果實成熟期灌水量為17mm。4、基于實驗數(shù)據(jù),對溫室內(nèi)外小氣候變化規(guī)律進(jìn)行研究分析,設(shè)施作物需水量主要與作物生長季節(jié)、灌水量和室內(nèi)溫度有關(guān)；通過對設(shè)施作物需水量與水面蒸發(fā)量和室內(nèi)溫度的相關(guān)性分析,可知作物需水量與水面蒸發(fā)量相關(guān)性較差,但與室內(nèi)溫度相關(guān)性較好。根據(jù)室溫和作物需水量的日均值分析結(jié)果,建立了設(shè)施作物需水量溫度灌溉決策模型。5、以數(shù)據(jù)庫及數(shù)據(jù)管理為基礎(chǔ),以灌溉決策模型為核心,研制了基于作物需水量的設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉決策系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)集成了灌溉制度數(shù)據(jù)庫、土壤墑情、作物需水量灞度灌溉決策模型和基于氣象信息的作物需水量模型等節(jié)水灌溉智能決策模型,實現(xiàn)了墑情監(jiān)測、灌溉決策、灌溉監(jiān)測、生產(chǎn)管理等功能。設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉決策系統(tǒng)在大興區(qū)榆垡鎮(zhèn)千畝設(shè)施蔬菜示范園進(jìn)行了示范應(yīng)用,提高了灌溉決策的科學(xué)性,社會經(jīng)濟(jì)效益顯著。
[Abstract]:In this paper, through consulting, sorting out and analyzing relevant literature, a comprehensive evaluation of irrigation schemes for protected crops in typical areas is made, a database of irrigation schemes for protected crops is established, and an inquiry system for irrigation schemes is developed. The greenhouse tomato was taken as an example to carry out field experiments. The physiological and ecological indexes, yield, water use efficiency and product quality of Greenhouse Tomato under different irrigation schemes were studied. The approximate ideal solution based on entropy weight was used to analyze and evaluate the irrigation schemes. The correlation between water demand and surface evaporation was studied and analyzed. A temperature irrigation decision-making model for water demand of protected crops was proposed. The irrigation schedule database and irrigation decision-making model were integrated into an intelligent irrigation decision-making system. A comprehensive evaluation index system of irrigation schemes is constructed, and the optimal irrigation schemes are obtained by using the approximate ideal method based on entropy weight. On this basis, the database of irrigation schemes for protected crops is established, and the inquiry system of irrigation schemes for protected crops is developed, which provides a rationale for optimizing irrigation schemes in different regions. 2. Based on the edge field effect of high frequency capacitance, the electric field intensity and capacitance around the microcapacitance of the probe are simulated and analyzed by finite element method. The optimal probe structure is determined. A novel high precision profile soil moisture sensor is designed and fabricated. The accuracy of soil moisture measurement was (+1.31%) with high stability and consistency. 3. Field experiments were carried out on greenhouse tomatoes under different irrigation regimes to study the physiological and ecological indexes, yield, water use efficiency and fruit quality of tomatoes. The difference had different effects on morphological indexes, dry matter, root-shoot ratio and yield, and the response of water consumption to irrigation was the greatest at flowering and Fruit-setting stage; b) The order of water consumption in each growth stage was as follows: fruit ripening stage at flowering and Fruit-setting stage; soil water sensitivity at each growth stage was the greatest at flowering and Fruit-setting stage, and the sensitive duration of fruit ripening stage and seedling stage. (c) Increasing irrigation amount can increase single fruit weight and decrease sugar-acid ratio; moderately decreasing irrigation amount can increase soluble sugar content in Tomato during flowering and Fruit-setting stage. d) Applying approximate ideal solution based on entropy weight to comprehensively evaluate different irrigation schemes, the optimal irrigation schemes were obtained: seedling irrigation amount 37 mm, flowering and Fruit-setting stage irrigation. The water requirement of greenhouse was mainly related to crop growth season, irrigation amount and indoor temperature, and the correlation between water requirement of greenhouse crops and water evaporation and indoor temperature was analyzed. According to the results of daily average analysis of room temperature and crop water requirement, a decision-making model for temperature irrigation of water requirement for protected crops was established. 5 Based on database and data management, and with irrigation decision-making model as the core, a facility agriculture based on crop water requirement was developed. The system integrates irrigation schedule database, soil moisture, crop water requirement irrigation decision-making model and crop water requirement model based on Meteorological information. The system realizes the functions of soil moisture monitoring, irrigation decision-making, irrigation monitoring and production management. The demonstration application of 1000 mu protected vegetable demonstration garden in Yuyuan town has improved the scientificity of irrigation decision-making and remarkable social and economic benefits.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S274

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