發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-24 16:31

【摘要】：我國(guó)東北黑土區(qū)是世界三大黑土區(qū)之一,黑土的自然肥力高,適合農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),是我國(guó)最重要的糧食生產(chǎn)基地。傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)以精耕細(xì)作模式為主,農(nóng)機(jī)具多次進(jìn)地作業(yè),對(duì)土壤擾動(dòng)頻繁;耕地每年有近7個(gè)月的時(shí)間處于裸露休閑狀態(tài),風(fēng)蝕水蝕現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重;過(guò)量施用農(nóng)藥和化肥導(dǎo)致土壤板結(jié)。因此,預(yù)防東北黑土區(qū)水土流失,提高土壤肥力對(duì)保障國(guó)家糧食安全,改善生態(tài)環(huán)境,以及實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義。保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)具有蓄水保墑、節(jié)本增效、提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量、減少土壤風(fēng)蝕水蝕等優(yōu)點(diǎn),經(jīng)過(guò)多年的研究和發(fā)展已在全世界范圍內(nèi)大面積推廣應(yīng)用。保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)的核心環(huán)節(jié)是作物殘茬覆蓋和免耕播種作業(yè),精密排種器作為免耕播種機(jī)的關(guān)鍵部件,其在免耕播種作業(yè)時(shí)性能的優(yōu)劣決定著保護(hù)性耕作的效果。與普通播種機(jī)相比,免耕播種機(jī)的作業(yè)環(huán)境更惡劣,地表不平度和作物秸稈、殘茬都會(huì)引起播種機(jī)振動(dòng),尤其在高速精密播種時(shí),振動(dòng)對(duì)精密排種器的影響更加顯著。因此,本文重點(diǎn)研究秸稈覆蓋條件下播種機(jī)振動(dòng)對(duì)排種器工作性能的影響規(guī)律,進(jìn)而設(shè)計(jì)相應(yīng)的減振工作部件減小免耕播種機(jī)振動(dòng),提高播種質(zhì)量。(1)通過(guò)對(duì)比試驗(yàn),測(cè)試指夾式排種器在鏈傳動(dòng)和電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)兩種情況下,所受到的振動(dòng)情況,并比較兩者的播種合格指數(shù)、重播指數(shù)和漏播指數(shù)。通過(guò)土槽測(cè)試的方法得出播種單體作業(yè)時(shí)的振動(dòng)特性,包括振動(dòng)加速度和頻率。根據(jù)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),設(shè)計(jì)了一種振動(dòng)測(cè)試試驗(yàn)臺(tái),可模擬免耕播種機(jī)田間作業(yè)工況,并對(duì)振動(dòng)條件下指夾式排種器的作業(yè)性能和影響因素進(jìn)行了臺(tái)架試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,排種器振動(dòng)頻率與振動(dòng)幅值均對(duì)播種合格指數(shù)與漏播指數(shù)有顯著影響,排種器振動(dòng)頻率對(duì)播種合格指數(shù)的影響較排種器振動(dòng)幅值對(duì)播種合格指數(shù)影響顯著;排種器振動(dòng)頻率對(duì)播種漏播指數(shù)的影響較排種器振動(dòng)幅值對(duì)播種漏播指數(shù)的影響顯著。臺(tái)架試驗(yàn)可為后續(xù)減振裝置設(shè)計(jì)提供參考。(2)提出一種免耕播種機(jī)播種單體減振自動(dòng)控制方法,并設(shè)計(jì)播種單體減振自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)。應(yīng)用PVDF壓電薄膜制作免耕播種機(jī)限深輪胎面形變傳感器,實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)播種單體的對(duì)地壓力,間接計(jì)算出開溝器的實(shí)際開溝深度,當(dāng)與目標(biāo)深度不一致時(shí),系統(tǒng)通過(guò)控制空氣彈簧增加或減小播種單體對(duì)地壓力,達(dá)到減小振動(dòng)、控制播深、提高播種質(zhì)量的目標(biāo)。田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,播種單體減振自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)在播種機(jī)作業(yè)速度為5~8 km/h時(shí),播深合格率達(dá)到91%以上,其中在作業(yè)速度為7 km/h時(shí)播深合格率最高;振動(dòng)加速度平均減小30%以上,其中在作業(yè)速度為7 km/h時(shí)減小幅度最大;振動(dòng)頻率平均減小24%以上,其中在作業(yè)速度為6 km/h時(shí)減小幅度最大;振幅平均減小30%以上,其中在作業(yè)速度為7 km/h時(shí)減小幅度最大�？梢钥闯�,在高速作業(yè)時(shí)播種單體減振自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的性能明顯優(yōu)于被動(dòng)式仿形機(jī)構(gòu)。(3)設(shè)計(jì)一種免耕播種機(jī)秸稈切割防堵裝置,采取主被動(dòng)結(jié)合的切割方式和組合刀片式結(jié)構(gòu),每個(gè)防堵裝置在3個(gè)平面內(nèi)安裝切割刀具。其中兩側(cè)的刀具采取被動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)作業(yè),位于中間的刀具采取主動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)作業(yè),作業(yè)時(shí)可對(duì)秸稈(根茬)進(jìn)行有支撐切割作業(yè),提高切斷率、降低功耗。田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:各影響因子對(duì)秸稈(根茬)切斷率的顯著性順序從大到小依次為主動(dòng)刀盤轉(zhuǎn)速、刀片回轉(zhuǎn)半徑、機(jī)具前進(jìn)速度;對(duì)單把刀片功率消耗的顯著性順序從大到小依次為主動(dòng)刀盤轉(zhuǎn)速、機(jī)具前進(jìn)速度、刀片回轉(zhuǎn)半徑。在保證秸稈(根茬)切斷率為95%以上的前提下,由Design-Expert軟件預(yù)測(cè)出秸稈(根茬)切斷率與單把刀片功率消耗的最佳因素組合為前進(jìn)速度2.1 m/s、主動(dòng)刀盤轉(zhuǎn)速120 r/min、刀片回轉(zhuǎn)半徑200mm。根據(jù)最佳參數(shù)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明由最佳工作參數(shù)組合得到的秸稈(根茬)切斷率平均值為95.3%,單把刀片功率消耗平均值為145.2 W。(4)研制一種免耕播種機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程播種性能監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng),包括播種監(jiān)視子系統(tǒng)、排種檢測(cè)子系統(tǒng)、GPS定位子系統(tǒng)和遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器等四部分。以GPS接收器作為漏播、重播位置采集器,GPRS DTU模塊作為遠(yuǎn)程傳輸工具,STM32單片機(jī)為核心處理器、PVDF壓電傳感器為監(jiān)測(cè)元件。該系統(tǒng)能夠?qū)崟r(shí)準(zhǔn)確地監(jiān)測(cè)播種機(jī)的各項(xiàng)性能指標(biāo),并將播種質(zhì)量信息數(shù)據(jù)的遠(yuǎn)程傳輸,遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)接收、存儲(chǔ)、查詢、統(tǒng)計(jì)、分析、處理和報(bào)警等功能。田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,遠(yuǎn)程播種性能監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)性能穩(wěn)定、可靠,能夠有效地監(jiān)測(cè)播種機(jī)的播種質(zhì)量,對(duì)播種量檢測(cè)精度為97.4%,漏播檢測(cè)精度為96.1%,重播檢測(cè)精度為95.9%,并且實(shí)現(xiàn)了播種質(zhì)量信息位置的精確定位。(5)對(duì)2BMZ-4型寬窄行免耕播種機(jī)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì),并進(jìn)行整機(jī)田間試驗(yàn),考察免耕播種機(jī)播種單體減振自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)、秸稈切割防堵裝置和遠(yuǎn)程播種監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)的實(shí)際工作效果。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,2BMZ-4型寬窄行免耕播種機(jī)具有較好的作業(yè)性能。上述工作為玉米免耕播種機(jī)精確播種關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究提供了技術(shù)參考,具有實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
[Abstract]:The black soil area of Northeast China is one of the three largest black soil areas in the world. The natural fertility of the black soil is high and is suitable for agricultural production. It is the most important grain production base in our country. The traditional agricultural production is mainly based on the intensive farming model, the agricultural machinery is working many times and the soil is disturbed frequently, and the arable land has nearly 7 months in the nude leisure state and wind erosion. Water erosion is serious; excessive application of pesticide and chemical fertilizer leads to soil slate. Therefore, it is of great significance to prevent soil erosion in the northeast black soil area and improve soil fertility to ensure national food safety, improve the ecological environment, and realize the sustainable development of agriculture. The core of conservation tillage technology is crop residue covering and no tillage sowing, and precision seed metering device is the key component of no tillage planter, and its performance in no tillage sowing operation is determined by the content of soil erosion and water erosion for many years. The effect of protective tillage. Compared with the ordinary seeder, the working environment of the no tillage planter is worse, the surface roughness and the crop straw, the stubble will cause the vibration of the planter, especially in the high speed precision sowing, the influence of vibration on the precision seeder is more obvious. Therefore, this paper focuses on the vibration of the planter under straw mulching. In order to reduce the vibration of no tillage planter and improve the sowing quality, the corresponding damping working parts are designed to improve the sowing quality. (1) through the contrast test, the vibration conditions of the finger pinch type seed metering device under the two conditions of chain drive and motor drive are tested, and the sowing index, the replay index and the leakage index are compared with those of the two. The vibration characteristics, including vibration acceleration and frequency, were obtained by the method of soil trough testing, including vibration acceleration and frequency. Based on the test data, a vibration test rig was designed to simulate the working conditions of no tillage planter in the field, and a bench test was carried out on the work performance and influence factors of the finger pinch seeder under vibration conditions. The results show that both the vibration frequency and the amplitude of the seed metering device have significant influence on the sowing index and the leakage index. The vibration frequency of the seed metering device has a significant influence on the sowing index and the vibration amplitude of the seed metering device on the sowing index. The vibration frequency of the seed seeder has a better effect on sowing index than the sowing device vibration amplitude. The influence of the leakage index is significant. The bench test can provide reference for the design of subsequent vibration damping device. (2) an automatic control method of the sowing monomer for no tillage seeder is proposed, and the automatic control system of the sowing monomer is designed. The PVDF piezoelectric film is used to make the deep wheel tread deformation sensor of the no tillage planter to monitor the sowing monomer in real time. For the ground pressure, the actual opening depth of the trench is calculated indirectly. When the target depth is not consistent with the target depth, the system can increase or reduce the ground pressure by controlling the air spring to reduce the vibration, control the sowing depth and improve the sowing quality. The field test results show that the automatic control system of the sowing monomer vibration damping is done in the sowing machine. When the speed is 5~8 km/h, the qualified rate of sowing depth is above 91%, of which the sowing depth is the highest when the operation speed is 7 km/h, and the vibration acceleration is reduced by more than 30%, of which the maximum decrease of the vibration frequency is 7 km/h, and the vibration frequency decreases more than 24%, of which the maximum amplitude decreases when the working speed is 6 km/h; the amplitude decreases averagely. It is more than 30% small, which reduces the maximum amplitude when the operation speed is 7 km/h. It can be seen that the performance of the automatic control system of the sowing monomer in the high speed operation is obviously superior to the passive copying mechanism. (3) a non tillage seeder straw cutting and blocking device is designed, the cutting mode of the main passive combination and the combined blade structure are adopted. The cutters in 3 planes are installed in the anti blocking device. The cutting tool on both sides takes the passive rotation operation, the tool in the middle takes the active rotation operation, and the straw (root stubble) can be cut and cut during the operation to improve the cutting rate and reduce the power consumption. The field test results show that the cutting rate of the straw (root) by the influence factors is obvious. The order from large to small is the rotational speed of the active cutter, the radius of the blade and the speed of the machine. The significant order of the power consumption of the single blade from large to small is the rotating speed of the active cutter, the speed of the machine tool and the radius of the blade, and the Design-Expert software is predicted by the Design-Expert software on the premise that the cutting rate of the straw is above the cutting rate of more than 95%. The best combination of the cutting rate of straw (root stubble) and the power consumption of single blade was 2.1 m/s, 120 r/min of the rotating speed of the active cutter, and the rotary radius 200mm. of the blade was tested according to the optimum parameters. The results showed that the average cutting rate of straw (root stubble) was 95.3%, and the power consumption of the blade was consumed by the combination of the best working parameters. The average value is 145.2 W. (4) to develop a remote seeding performance monitoring system for no tillage seeder, including seeding monitoring subsystem, seed metering subsystem, GPS positioning subsystem and remote server and other four parts. The GPS receiver is used as a leak, replay location collector, GPRS DTU block as a remote transmission tool and STM32 MCU as the core processing. The PVDF piezoelectric sensor is a monitoring element. The system can monitor the performance index of the seeder in real time and accurately, and transmit the data of the sowing quality information, the remote server program realizes the functions of data receiving, storage, inquiry, statistics, analysis, processing and alarm. The field test results show that the remote seeding performance monitoring system is used. The system has a stable and reliable performance. It can effectively monitor the sowing quality of the seeder. The precision of the sowing quantity is 97.4%, the leakage detection precision is 96.1%, the precision of the replay detection is 95.9%, and the accurate location of the sowing quality information is realized. (5) the improved design of the 2BMZ-4 type wide narrow row non tillage seeder is carried out and the field experiment is carried out. The experimental results show that the 2BMZ-4 type wide narrow row no tillage seeder has good working performance. The above work provides the technical reference for the research of the key technology for the precision seeding of the maize no tillage seeder. The examination is of practical application value.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S223.2

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