本文選題：馬鈴薯 + 雙列交錯(cuò)勺帶式　； 參考：《東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：馬鈴薯作為世界四大主糧之一,是最具發(fā)展前景的高產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,其種植生產(chǎn)模式與規(guī)模對(duì)于中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、保障糧食生產(chǎn)安全發(fā)展具有重要意義。中國(guó)是馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)大國(guó),卻不是生產(chǎn)強(qiáng)國(guó),種植面積及總產(chǎn)量均占據(jù)世界第一位,但作物單產(chǎn)水平遠(yuǎn)低于世界平均水平,其主要原因是我國(guó)馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平低。馬鈴薯機(jī)械化播種作為實(shí)現(xiàn)馬鈴薯全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)的最重要環(huán)節(jié),直接影響馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)。排種器作為馬鈴薯精量播種機(jī)的關(guān)鍵部件,仍存在作業(yè)效率低、重播漏播嚴(yán)重、適應(yīng)性較差等諸多技術(shù)問題。為滿足馬鈴薯機(jī)械化播種的需求,本文采用農(nóng)機(jī)與農(nóng)藝相結(jié)合的理念,設(shè)計(jì)研制了一種雙列交錯(cuò)勺帶式馬鈴薯精量排種器。該排種器采用在排種帶上取種凹勺合理交錯(cuò)布置及振動(dòng)清種裝置,有效地減少了播種過程中的重播及漏播問題。本文根據(jù)馬鈴薯精量播種農(nóng)藝要求,以馬鈴薯種薯物料特性研究為基礎(chǔ),運(yùn)用理論分析、EDEM模擬仿真、高速攝像及試驗(yàn)研究相結(jié)合的方法,對(duì)雙列交錯(cuò)勺帶式馬鈴薯精量排種器進(jìn)行研究與探索,本研究主要內(nèi)容及結(jié)論如下:(1)馬鈴薯種薯物料特性測(cè)定研究選取東北地區(qū)廣泛種植的三種馬鈴薯種薯(費(fèi)烏瑞它、尤金885和東農(nóng)312)進(jìn)行物料特性研究,測(cè)定其基本物理特性(三軸尺寸、幾何平均徑、球形率、質(zhì)量、密度、體積及含水率),并搭建多種物理力學(xué)試驗(yàn)臺(tái),測(cè)定分析種薯相關(guān)力學(xué)參數(shù)(靜摩擦系數(shù)、內(nèi)摩擦角、休止角、剛度系數(shù)及彈性模量),為馬鈴薯精量排種器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及仿真分析提供理論依據(jù)。(2)雙列交錯(cuò)勺帶式馬鈴薯精量排種器關(guān)鍵部件優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)與分析對(duì)雙列交錯(cuò)勺帶式馬鈴薯精量排種器主要結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理進(jìn)行研究,對(duì)其關(guān)鍵部件雙勺交錯(cuò)排種總成、主動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)總成、振動(dòng)清種裝置及充種箱體進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),建立充種、清種、導(dǎo)種和投種過程動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,分析優(yōu)化排種器各關(guān)鍵部件最佳結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)。(3)基于離散元素法的馬鈴薯精量排種器充種運(yùn)移性能仿真模擬分析為優(yōu)化排種器柔性充種性能,結(jié)合離散元素法建立排種器虛擬模型,運(yùn)用離散元仿真軟件EDEM對(duì)排種器充種舀取過程進(jìn)行單因素虛擬試驗(yàn),分析充種過程中造成不同尺寸等級(jí)種薯產(chǎn)生重播和漏播問題的主要原因,初步篩選排種器較優(yōu)工作參數(shù),并進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)樣機(jī)的加工試制,為后續(xù)臺(tái)架及田間試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行充分準(zhǔn)備。(4)基于高速攝像技術(shù)的馬鈴薯精量排種器投種性能分析與試驗(yàn)以雙列交錯(cuò)勺帶式馬鈴薯精量排種器導(dǎo)種系統(tǒng)為研究載體,重點(diǎn)探究馬鈴薯種薯投送運(yùn)移機(jī)理,分析影響導(dǎo)種投送運(yùn)移軌跡的主要因素。在此基礎(chǔ)上自主設(shè)計(jì)搭建馬鈴薯精量排種試驗(yàn)臺(tái),采用高速攝像與圖像目標(biāo)跟蹤技術(shù)對(duì)種薯投送運(yùn)移軌跡進(jìn)行判別分析,得到種薯投送落種軌跡的分布規(guī)律,為馬鈴薯精量排種器導(dǎo)種系統(tǒng)及配套開溝器優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)奠定理論基礎(chǔ)。(5)馬鈴薯精量排種器臺(tái)架性能試驗(yàn)為得到排種器最佳工作參數(shù)組合,以排種器傾斜角度、工作轉(zhuǎn)速和振動(dòng)幅度為主要因素,以粒距合格指數(shù)、重播指數(shù)和漏播指數(shù)為性能指標(biāo),參考國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 6242—2006《種植機(jī)械馬鈴薯種植機(jī)試驗(yàn)方法》和NY/T 1415—2007《馬鈴薯種植機(jī)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)規(guī)范》,分別進(jìn)行單因素和多因素正交旋轉(zhuǎn)組合試驗(yàn),建立排種性能指標(biāo)與試驗(yàn)參數(shù)間數(shù)學(xué)模型。運(yùn)用Design-Expert 8.0.10軟件對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行處理分析,對(duì)所得優(yōu)化結(jié)果進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,考察其設(shè)計(jì)科學(xué)性及合理性。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,工作轉(zhuǎn)速為31.5r/min,振動(dòng)幅度為11.7mm時(shí),排種作業(yè)性能最優(yōu),合格指數(shù)為89.92%,重播指數(shù)為5.12%,漏播指數(shù)為4.96%。(6)馬鈴薯精量播種裝置配置與田間試驗(yàn)根據(jù)東北地區(qū)馬鈴薯種植農(nóng)藝要求,對(duì)開溝器、排肥器、肥箱、覆土器及鎮(zhèn)壓輪等部件進(jìn)行選型配套,綜合設(shè)計(jì)配置馬鈴薯精量播種裝置。以費(fèi)烏瑞它、東農(nóng)312和尤金885三個(gè)馬鈴薯種薯為供試品種,進(jìn)行田間播種試驗(yàn),對(duì)播種均勻性、種肥深度及后續(xù)產(chǎn)量進(jìn)行測(cè)定,檢驗(yàn)機(jī)具作業(yè)效果。田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,在工況條件下粒距合格指數(shù)、重播指數(shù)和漏播指數(shù)均優(yōu)于國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所規(guī)定的指標(biāo),平均空勺率為3.44%,種肥深度適宜,預(yù)測(cè)平均畝產(chǎn)量可達(dá)3230.9kg,能夠滿足馬鈴薯精密播種農(nóng)藝要求。
[Abstract]:As one of the four major grain crops in the world, potato is the most promising high yield economic crop. Its planting mode and scale are of great significance to the adjustment of China's agricultural structure and the safety and development of grain production. The level of crop yield is far below the world average, the main reason is that the mechanization level of potato production is low in China. As the most important part of realizing the whole process of potato mechanization, potato mechanization sowing directly affects the potato yield and quality. As the key part of the potato precision seeder, the seed metering device still has the operation effect. In order to meet the demand of potato mechanization sowing, this paper designed and developed a double row interlaced spoon with the concept of the combination of agricultural machinery and Agronomy in order to meet the needs of potato mechanization sowing. The device has effectively reduced the problem of replanting and missing sowing in the process of sowing. Based on the requirements of the potato precision seeding agronomy, based on the study of the material characteristics of potato seed potato, the method of combining the theoretical analysis, EDEM simulation, high speed camera and experimental research is carried out to study the double row interlaced spoon with potato precision seed metering device. And the main contents and conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) the study of material characteristics of potato seed potato selection and selection of three potato seed tubers widely cultivated in Northeast China (Fisher, Eugene 885 and Dong Nong 312) to study the material properties and determine the basic physical properties (three axis size, geometric mean diameter, spherical rate, mass, density, volume and content). Water rate), and set up a variety of physical and mechanical test bench to determine the related mechanical parameters of seed potato (static friction coefficient, internal friction angle, rest angle, stiffness coefficient and modulus of elasticity), and provide theoretical basis for the structure design and simulation analysis of the potato precision seed metering device. (2) the optimization design of the key components of the double row interlaced spoon belt type potato precision seed metering device The main structure and working principle of the double row interlaced spoon with potato precision seed metering device were analyzed and analyzed. The key components were two spoon interlacing assembly, the active drive assembly, the vibratory clearing device and the filling box, and the dynamic model of seed filling, clearing, guiding and feeding process was established, and the key points were analyzed and optimized. (3) the simulation and analysis of the filling and transporting performance of the potato precision seed metering device based on discrete element method is used to optimize the performance of the seed metering device, to optimize the flexible filling performance of the seed metering device, and to establish the virtual model of the seed metering device with the discrete element method. The discrete element simulation software EDEM is used to fill and scoop the seed metering device to carry out the single factor virtual experiment and analyze the filling. In the process, the main causes of replanting and missing sowing of different sizes of seed tubers were caused by the preliminary screening of the better working parameters of the seed metering device, and the trial manufacture of the prototype was made to prepare for the follow-up platform and field test. (4) the performance analysis and test of the precision seeding device of the horse bell potato based on high speed camera technology The seeding system of the staggered spoon belt type potato precision seed metering device is used as the research carrier. The main factors that affect the delivery and migration mechanism of potato seed potato and the main factors affecting the transfer trajectory of the seeding species are analyzed. On this basis, the potato precision seed metering test platform is designed and built independently, and the high speed camera and image target tracking technology are used to deliver the migrating rail to the seed potato. The distribution of the trace of seed tuber was obtained by discriminant analysis. The theoretical foundation was laid for the optimization design of the seed metering device for the seed metering device and the optimal design of the furrow opener. (5) the performance test of the potato precision seed metering device is to get the best working parameter combination of the seed metering device, with the tilting angle of the seed metering device, the working speed and the vibration amplitude of the seed metering device. The main factors, with the performance index of grain distance qualification index, replay index and leakage index, refer to the national standard GB/T 6242 - 2006< test method for planting machine potato planting machine and the technical specification for the quality evaluation of NY/T 1415 - 2007< potato planter. The single factor and multi factor orthogonal rotation combination test are carried out to establish the seed performance index. The mathematical model between the standard and the test parameters. The results are processed and analyzed with Design-Expert 8.0.10 software. The optimization results are tested to verify the scientificity and rationality of the design. The test results show that when the working speed is 31.5r/min and the vibration amplitude is 11.7mm, the performance of the seed metering operation is the best, the qualification index is 89.92%, and the replay is replayed. The index is 5.12%, the leakage index is 4.96%. (6) the potato precision seeding device configuration and field test, according to the agricultural requirements of the potato planting in the northeast area, the selection and matching of the parts such as the furrow, the fertilizer applicator, the fertilizer box, the soil overburden and the repression wheel are selected, and the potato precision seeding device is designed and configured, with the fin, the Dong Nong 312 and the Eugene 885 three. In the field test, the seed uniformity, the depth of seed fertilizer and the following yield were measured, and the effect of the machine tools was tested. The field test results showed that the grain distance index, the replay index and the leakage index were better than the national standard, and the average air spoon rate was 3.44%. The depth of the fertilizer is suitable, and the average yield per mu can reach 3230.9kg, which can meet the agronomic requirements of potato precision seeding.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S223.2

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