本文選題：長(zhǎng)期施肥　切入點(diǎn)：灰漠土　出處：《新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：灰漠土是我國(guó)西北干旱地區(qū)具有代表性的一類(lèi)農(nóng)田土壤,近年來(lái)受植被退化、生物多樣性減少的影響,灰漠土的土壤結(jié)構(gòu)遭到嚴(yán)重破壞,致使土壤肥力大幅下降,嚴(yán)重制約新疆灰漠土區(qū)農(nóng)田持續(xù)高產(chǎn)和穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。為了增強(qiáng)土壤結(jié)構(gòu)性、提高土壤生物多樣性,本研究選擇位于西北干旱荒漠地帶性土壤-灰漠土為基礎(chǔ),利用“國(guó)家灰漠土肥力與肥料效益監(jiān)測(cè)站”長(zhǎng)期定位肥料試驗(yàn)區(qū)中的6個(gè)處理:1)不耕作、不施肥(撂荒,CK0);2)不施肥(CK);3)單施氮肥(N);4)氮磷鉀配施(NPK);5)氮磷鉀+增量有機(jī)肥(1.5MNPK);6)氮磷鉀+秸稈還田(SNPK),研究了灰漠土區(qū)不同肥料長(zhǎng)期定位配施過(guò)程中,土壤團(tuán)聚體的形成及團(tuán)聚體結(jié)合有機(jī)碳的化學(xué)組成、土壤動(dòng)物群落結(jié)構(gòu)和多樣性與團(tuán)聚體的相關(guān)性、團(tuán)聚體有機(jī)碳組分時(shí)間序列上的變化特征,同時(shí)分析不同有機(jī)碳組分與土壤肥力的關(guān)系;進(jìn)而闡明團(tuán)聚體組成對(duì)有機(jī)碳的物理化學(xué)保護(hù)作用,明確了灰漠土團(tuán)聚體的形成及有機(jī)碳的固存機(jī)制,為提高灰漠土區(qū)農(nóng)田生產(chǎn)力,實(shí)現(xiàn)區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供理論基礎(chǔ)與實(shí)踐依據(jù)。研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明,在灰漠土區(qū)大團(tuán)聚體和粉粒+粘粒組分對(duì)施肥措施的響應(yīng)更加敏感,而土壤有機(jī)碳趨向微團(tuán)聚體累積有益于土壤有機(jī)碳的長(zhǎng)期固存。增施有機(jī)肥通過(guò)保護(hù)團(tuán)聚體內(nèi)顆粒態(tài)有機(jī)碳(Particulate organic carbon,POC)和提升了大團(tuán)聚體的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),促進(jìn)了土壤的團(tuán)聚化程度,利于土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的改善,進(jìn)而提高了土壤有機(jī)碳含量,而且增施有機(jī)肥(1.5MNPK)的效果比秸稈還田(SNPK)更明顯。而單獨(dú)施用化肥僅僅能夠維持土壤有機(jī)碳含量,對(duì)提升土壤的團(tuán)聚化程度并沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生顯著的影響。由此可見(jiàn),在團(tuán)聚體的形成過(guò)程中,有機(jī)質(zhì)起了非常重要的膠結(jié)作用,能夠促進(jìn)大團(tuán)聚體的形成,進(jìn)而提高團(tuán)聚體的穩(wěn)定性,有利于土壤肥力的改善。利用核磁共振波譜技術(shù)研究了土壤和各粒級(jí)團(tuán)聚體中有機(jī)碳的分子結(jié)構(gòu)特征,結(jié)果顯示隨著團(tuán)聚體粒級(jí)逐漸減小,烷基碳與羰基碳的比例逐漸增加,烷氧碳與芳香碳的比例逐漸減小,烷基碳/烷氧碳的比率逐漸升高,有機(jī)質(zhì)的分解程度不斷增加。與不施肥土壤相比較,長(zhǎng)期有機(jī)-無(wú)機(jī)配合施用(1.5MNPK和SNPK)提高了土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)中烷氧碳和羰基碳的比例,羰基碳的累積主要發(fā)生在大團(tuán)聚體和微團(tuán)聚體中。長(zhǎng)期單獨(dú)施用化肥(N和NPK)土壤中烷基碳的比例明顯增加,芳香碳和羰基碳的比例明顯減小,增大了烷基碳/烷氧碳的比率,加速了有機(jī)質(zhì)的礦化分解。表明長(zhǎng)期施用有機(jī)肥帶入大量的碳水化合物和有機(jī)酸,通過(guò)大團(tuán)聚體和微團(tuán)聚體對(duì)有機(jī)碳的化學(xué)保護(hù)來(lái)增強(qiáng)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的穩(wěn)定性,從而提高土壤有機(jī)碳含量。土壤動(dòng)物群落的分布與不同肥料的性質(zhì)緊密相關(guān)。增施有機(jī)物料(1.5MNPK和SNPK)有利于土壤動(dòng)物生存,能夠持續(xù)性地增加土壤動(dòng)物群落的個(gè)體總數(shù)和總類(lèi)群數(shù),而平衡施用化肥(NPK)僅能夠增強(qiáng)土壤動(dòng)物群落的豐富度。土壤動(dòng)物群落總個(gè)體數(shù)及多樣性指數(shù)(H’)與粉粒+粘粒組分和大團(tuán)聚體結(jié)合有機(jī)碳含量及大團(tuán)聚體的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均存在顯著的正相關(guān)性,說(shuō)明團(tuán)聚體為土壤動(dòng)物群落提供了豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)能量來(lái)源,同時(shí)土壤動(dòng)物群落的多樣性也促進(jìn)了土壤的團(tuán)聚化程度。24年連續(xù)長(zhǎng)期配施有機(jī)肥(1.5MNPK),灰漠土中總有機(jī)碳及其組分隨施肥時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而顯著增加,其中砂粒結(jié)合有機(jī)碳組分對(duì)施肥措施的響應(yīng)更加敏感,增加幅度最大,對(duì)土壤總有機(jī)碳累積的影響要高于其它組分。輕質(zhì)有機(jī)質(zhì)(粗自由顆粒態(tài)有機(jī)碳和細(xì)自由顆粒態(tài)有機(jī)碳)組分對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分變化的響應(yīng)更加積極,而存在于微團(tuán)聚體中的物理保護(hù)性有機(jī)碳組分對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分的供應(yīng)和土壤總有機(jī)碳的固存起著置關(guān)重要的作用。
[Abstract]:Grey desert soil is a kind of soil in the arid area of Northwest China representative, in recent years by the impact of vegetation degradation, biodiversity loss, severe destruction of soil structure in grey desert soil, the soil fertility declined sharply, seriously restrict the farmland in Xinjiang gray desert soil zone of sustainable production. In order to improve soil structure, improve soil biodiversity, this study is located in the northwest arid desert zone of soil and grey desert soil as the basis, using the "6 national grey desert soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency monitoring station" in a long-term fertilization experiment: 1) no tillage, no fertilizer (fallow, CK0) 2) not; fertilization (CK); 3) n (N); 4) nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK); 5) NPK + organic fertilizer increment (1.5MNPK); 6) NPK + straw (SNPK), studied the effect of fertilizer grey desert soil long-term positioning fertilization process in the formation of soil aggregates and aggregate According to the chemical composition of organic carbon, the correlation between soil animal community structure and diversity and aggregates, aggregate organic carbon fractions change characteristics of time series, and different organic carbon fractions and soil fertility relationship analysis; and then clarify the aggregate physical and chemical protective effect on organic carbon sequestration, the formation mechanism of ash desert soil aggregates and organic carbon, in order to improve the farmland grey desert soil productivity, realize the sustainable development of regional agriculture provide a theoretical basis and practical basis. The research results show that in large aggregates of grey desert soil and silt + clay fraction in response to fertilization is more sensitive, and soil organic carbon accumulation Trend Micro aggregates beneficial to soil organic carbon sequestration. The long-term application of organic fertilizer by protecting the agglomerates of particulate organic carbon (Particulate organic carbon, POC) and enhance the quality of the reunion Scores, promoted the aggregation degree of soil, conducive to the improvement of soil structure, and increase the content of soil organic carbon, and organic fertilizer (1.5MNPK) effect than straw (SNPK) is more obvious. And the application of chemical fertilizer can only maintain soil organic carbon content, the degree of agglomeration and enhance soil have a significant impact. Thus, in the process of the formation of aggregates, organic matter plays a very important role in cementing, can promote the formation of large aggregates, thus improving aggregate stability, conducive to improving soil fertility. To study the molecular structure characteristics of soil organic carbon and various aggregates using NMR techniques the results show, with the aggregate particle decreases, alkyl carbon and carbonyl carbon increased, alkoxy carbon and aromatic carbon ratio decreased, the ratio of alkyl alkoxy carbon / carbon Gradually, the degree of decomposition of organic matter increased. Compared with no fertilization soil, long-term combined application of organic and inorganic (1.5MNPK and SNPK) increased the soil organic matter in alkoxy carbonyl carbon carbon and the ratio of cumulative carbonyl carbon mainly occurs in large aggregates and micro aggregates. The long-term application of chemical fertilizer (N NPK) and alkyl carbon in soils increased significantly, the proportion of aromatic carbon and carbonyl carbon decreased, increasing the ratio of alkyl alkoxy carbon / carbon, accelerate the mineralization of organic matter decomposition. Show that long-term application of organic manure into a large number of carbohydrates and organic acids, to enhance the stability of soil organic matter through the large aggregates and micro aggregates chemical protection of organic carbon, thereby improving soil organic carbon content. The distribution of soil animal community is closely related with the properties of different fertilizer. Applying organic materials (1.5MNPK and SNPK) to soil Animal survival, can continue to increase the total number of individuals of soil animal communities and the total number of groups, and balanced fertilizer (NPK) can only enhance the richness of the soil animal community. The total individual number of soil animal community and diversity index (H ') dimer with mass fraction of organic carbon content and large aggregates are positive the correlation with silt + clay group and clusters, that aggregates provide nutrition rich source of energy for the soil animal community, and the diversity of soil animal communities also promoted the soil aggregation degree of.24 years continuous long-term application of organic fertilizer (1.5MNPK), total organic carbon and grey desert soil. With fertilization time increased, the sand with organic carbon fractions in response to fertilization is more sensitive, the largest increase, effects on soil total organic carbon accumulation is higher than that of other components. There is light Organic matter (free of coarse particulate organic carbon free and fine particulate organic carbon) fraction in response to changes in soil nutrients more active, physical protection of organic carbon in aggregates in the soil nutrient supply and soil total organic carbon sequestration plays a very important role.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S151.9

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