本文選題：中國(guó)　切入點(diǎn)：新形勢(shì)　出處：《福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：甘蔗是我國(guó)重要的食糖來(lái)源,近年來(lái)由于受農(nóng)業(yè)資源條件和農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)程的影響,我國(guó)甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)成本高漲,比較效益低下,并面臨著國(guó)內(nèi)糖價(jià)隨國(guó)際糖價(jià)下滑、和大量配額外原糖盲目無(wú)序進(jìn)口的雙重沖擊的形勢(shì)；同時(shí)也面臨著高新科技日新月異,一些產(chǎn)業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)體開(kāi)始應(yīng)用物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、云計(jì)算、大數(shù)據(jù)等現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù),并逐步進(jìn)入機(jī)械化、智能化和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+的新時(shí)代。在這樣的新形勢(shì)下,本文著眼于當(dāng)前我國(guó)甘蔗的生產(chǎn)、加工、貿(mào)易等環(huán)節(jié)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力開(kāi)展研究,結(jié)果如下：1、對(duì)我國(guó)甘蔗主產(chǎn)區(qū)5個(gè)省采用調(diào)查問(wèn)卷面對(duì)面交談和查閱資料的方式進(jìn)行調(diào)研,結(jié)果表明我國(guó)甘蔗生產(chǎn)規(guī)模偏小,戶(hù)均種植面積約5畝；種植行距以1.2米以下為主,51.95%農(nóng)戶(hù)采用牛工培土,機(jī)械收割率不到1%,機(jī)械化程度低；近幾年全國(guó)甘蔗種植面積約2300-2400萬(wàn)畝,產(chǎn)糖量約1100-1300萬(wàn)噸,規(guī)模和糖產(chǎn)量與泰國(guó)相近,繼巴西和印度之后排名世界第三；甘蔗生產(chǎn)成本約2150-2300元／畝,平均畝產(chǎn)4.8噸,蔗糖生產(chǎn)成本約4400-4800元／噸,約為澳大利亞、巴西的2倍多；甘蔗的含糖量和出糖率分別為13.8%和12.1%,略高于泰國(guó)的11.6%、10.5%,低于澳大利亞15.5%、14.2%；蔗糖貿(mào)易在國(guó)內(nèi)外價(jià)差巨大且關(guān)稅保護(hù)不足的情況下,近三年原糖進(jìn)口約400萬(wàn)噸,貿(mào)易逆差大,嚴(yán)重沖擊國(guó)內(nèi)蔗糖產(chǎn)業(yè)。2、案例分析：以廣西扶南東亞糖業(yè)有限公司為例,2013/14榨季其蔗區(qū)面積約33萬(wàn)畝,平均畝產(chǎn)5.25噸,蔗糖含量14.55%,出糖率12.73%,在國(guó)內(nèi)同行屬于領(lǐng)先水平。但是其品種單一化嚴(yán)重,ROC22占95%以上,遠(yuǎn)高于全國(guó)平均的60%左右；平均單產(chǎn)高于世界平均的4.8噸／畝,與巴西、澳大利亞等國(guó)相近；蔗糖分和出糖率高于泰國(guó),與巴西持平,低于澳大利的15.5%、14.2%；當(dāng)榨季每噸白砂糖含稅成本5317.86元,銷(xiāo)售虧損684.64元。直接折射出我國(guó)甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)除單位面積產(chǎn)量和蔗糖含量與世界主要產(chǎn)糖國(guó)接近之外,在品種結(jié)構(gòu)、蔗區(qū)規(guī)模、加工品質(zhì)、制糖成本等方面競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力處于明顯劣勢(shì)。3、試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證：在甘蔗主產(chǎn)區(qū)通過(guò)土地流轉(zhuǎn)組建一個(gè)1500畝的甘蔗生產(chǎn)農(nóng)場(chǎng),3年的生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐結(jié)果為：機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)模式下平均畝產(chǎn)為5.64噸,比常規(guī)生產(chǎn)模式的5.93噸減產(chǎn)了0.29噸；平均每畝收入為2368.8元,比常規(guī)生產(chǎn)模式下少收入121.8元,而生產(chǎn)成本比常規(guī)生產(chǎn)模式下節(jié)約了331.62元。因此,機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)模式下,每畝的凈利潤(rùn)為136.86元,比常規(guī)栽培模式的-72.96元增收了209.83元。并初步篩選出了福農(nóng)38、柳城05-136、粵糖55等3個(gè)在粵西地區(qū)相對(duì)適宜機(jī)械化栽培的品種；驗(yàn)證了我國(guó)機(jī)械化收割環(huán)節(jié)的含雜和損失與國(guó)外情況相當(dāng)。但整個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)與世界糖主產(chǎn)國(guó)相比仍然沒(méi)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,主要原因是農(nóng)場(chǎng)規(guī)模太小,農(nóng)機(jī)具閑置率高,農(nóng)機(jī)與農(nóng)藝并未完全融合。從側(cè)面表明新形勢(shì)下可通過(guò)擴(kuò)大土地流轉(zhuǎn)、開(kāi)展適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)、加快農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝融合等方面提高我國(guó)甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。4、針對(duì)當(dāng)前形勢(shì),我國(guó)應(yīng)盡快推進(jìn)甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)性改革,整合土地資源,加強(qiáng)土地整治與規(guī)劃,深挖節(jié)本增效潛力：一是推動(dòng)土地流轉(zhuǎn)和規(guī)劃、強(qiáng)化水利建設(shè)和地力恢復(fù)工程,開(kāi)展機(jī)械化、規(guī)�；�(jīng)營(yíng)；加大農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼力度,鼓勵(lì)成立甘蔗生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)機(jī)合作社,大力發(fā)展專(zhuān)業(yè)種植戶(hù)和糖廠租賃承包土地,實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)化的專(zhuān)業(yè)化經(jīng)營(yíng)。二是通過(guò)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系指導(dǎo)建設(shè)優(yōu)良苗圃、優(yōu)化品種構(gòu)成和熟制搭配,加快推廣福農(nóng)38、柳城05-136、柳城03-1137、桂糖29、粵糖55等高產(chǎn)、高糖、適應(yīng)機(jī)械化栽培的品種,豐富蔗區(qū)品種遺傳多樣性；同時(shí)加快健康種苗、抗旱節(jié)水技術(shù)、現(xiàn)代農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝融合技術(shù)等方面的研發(fā)與應(yīng)用推廣。三是構(gòu)建糖料產(chǎn)業(yè)政策扶持體系,化解食糖“價(jià)差驅(qū)動(dòng)型進(jìn)口”導(dǎo)致中國(guó)食糖產(chǎn)業(yè)“產(chǎn)量增、成本增、高庫(kù)存與高進(jìn)口”并存的困局；在主產(chǎn)區(qū)開(kāi)展甘蔗種植直補(bǔ)試點(diǎn),并嚴(yán)格限制配額外進(jìn)口食糖,保護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)食糖產(chǎn)業(yè)。通過(guò)以上措施,力爭(zhēng)在5-10年內(nèi)每噸甘蔗降低成本100-120元,噸糖成本降低1000-1300元,大幅度提高我國(guó)甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
[Abstract]:Sugarcane is an important source of sugar, in recent years due to the impact of agricultural resources and agricultural labor transfer process, high production cost in China's sugarcane industry, relatively low efficiency, and faced with the international and domestic sugar prices decline in sugar prices double impact and a large number of raw sugar import quota blindly and disorderly situation; also facing high tech industry and economy change rapidly, some began to use the Internet of things, cloud computing, big data and other modern information technology, and gradually entered the new era of mechanization, intelligent and Internet plus. In this new situation, this article focuses on the current China's sugarcane production, processing, trade and other aspects to carry out competition research results are as follows: 1, 5 provinces of China's major sugarcane producing areas by questionnaires face-to-face communication and access to information by way of research, results showed that the sugarcane production scale in our country is too small The average, about 5 acres of cultivated area; planting spacing to 1.2 meters below, 51.95% farmers using niugong hilling, mechanical harvesting rate of less than 1%, low degree of mechanization; the sugarcane planting area in recent years, about 2300-2400 acres, about 1100-1300 tons of sugar yield and sugar yield, size and similar to Thailand, after Brazil and India ranked third in the world; sugar cane production costs about 2150-2300 yuan per mu, the average yield of 4.8 tons, sugar production cost about 4400-4800 yuan / ton, about Australia, more than 2 times in Brazil; the sugar content in sugarcane and sugar yield were 13.8% and 12.1%, slightly higher than the 11.6% in Thailand, 10.5%, lower than Australia 15.5%, 14.2%; the sugar trade spread abroad in the huge and tariff protection under the condition of insufficient, nearly three years of raw sugar imports about 4 million tons, a large trade deficit, a serious impact on the domestic sugar industry.2 analysis, case: Guangxi Funan East Asia sugar has Limited company as an example, the 2013/14 crop of sugarcane area of about 330 thousand acres, the average yield of 5.25 tons, the content of sucrose 14.55%, sugar 12.73%, belong to the leading level in the domestic counterparts. But the single species serious, ROC22 accounted for more than 95%, far higher than the national average of about 60%; the average yield is higher than the world average of 4.8 tons per mu, with Brazil, Australia and other countries are similar; sucrose and higher than the rate of Thailand sugar, Brazil flat, lower than Australia 15.5%, 14.2% per ton of sugar crop; when the tax cost of 5317.86 yuan, sales of 684.64 yuan loss. Directly reflects China's sugarcane industry except per unit area yield and sucrose content with the world's major sugar producing countries close to the outside, in the sugarcane variety structure, size, processing quality, sugar cost competitiveness at a distinct disadvantage.3 test: in the main producing areas of sugar cane land transfer by the formation of a 1500 acres of sugar cane production The farm, 3 years of production practice results: mechanized production mode of the average yield of 5.64 tons, 5.93 tons of production mode than conventional production 0.29 tons per acre; the average income is 2368.8 yuan, compared to the conventional mode of production less income 121.8 yuan, and the cost of production than conventional production mode so the savings of 331.62 yuan., mechanized production mode, net profit per mu to 136.86 yuan -72.96 yuan, than the conventional cultivation pattern of the income of 209.83 yuan. And preliminary screened 38 Funong 05-136 Liucheng, Guangdong 55, sugar 3 in the western region is relatively suitable for mechanized cultivation varieties; verified and miscellaneous losses and abroad including our mechanized harvesting links. But the whole farm is compared with the world's sugar producing countries are still not competitive, the main reason is that the farm size is too small to implement high vacancy rates, agricultural machinery and agronomy did not fully show that the new situation from the side of fusion. Can through the expansion of land circulation, to carry out the appropriate scale of operation, accelerate the integration of agricultural agronomic and other aspects of improving.4 sugarcane industry competitiveness in China, in view of the current situation, China should promote structural reform of sugarcane industry as soon as possible, strengthen the integration of land resources, land remediation and planning, dig potential cost efficiency: one is to promote the circulation of land and planning. To strengthen the construction of water conservancy and soil restoration project, carry out mechanization and scale management; to increase agricultural production and agricultural subsidies, encourage the establishment of sugarcane production and agricultural cooperatives, vigorously develop the professional farmers and Sugar Land lease contract, implementation of specialized enterprises. The two is the industrial technology system to guide the construction of excellent nursery, optimize breed composition and cooked collocation, accelerate the promotion of agricultural 38, Liucheng 05-136, Liucheng 03-1137, cgx 29, Yuetang 55 high yield, high sugar, suitable for mechanized cultivation. A rich genetic diversity of sugarcane varieties; at the same time to speed up the healthy seedlings, drought resistance and water saving technology, promotion of development and application of modern agricultural agronomic integration technology. The three is to build a support system of sugar industry policy, to resolve the sugar "spread driven imports" to China sugar industry production increased, increasing cost, high inventory and high import coexistence dilemma; development of sugarcane planting in the main producing areas subsidies pilot, and strictly limit the quota of imported sugar, the protection of the domestic sugar industry. Through the above measures, and strive to 5-10 years of sugarcane per ton in reducing the cost of 100-120 yuan, the cost of tons of sugar reduced 1000-1300 yuan, greatly improve the competitiveness of sugarcane industry in China.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F326.12

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