本文選題：西藏血蜱 + 生活史��； 參考：《河北師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：西藏血蜱Haemaphysalis tibetensis僅分布在西藏自治區(qū)和甘肅省,是青藏高原地區(qū)重要的地方性病原菌媒介,而對(duì)其研究報(bào)道甚少,特別是關(guān)于其種群動(dòng)態(tài)、生活史以及分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)方面的研究尚屬空白。本文于2014年3月~2015年3月,以西藏拉薩市當(dāng)雄縣為研究地點(diǎn),在野外可控自然環(huán)境下對(duì)西藏血蜱的生活史進(jìn)行了研究。結(jié)果表明,在野外可控樣方內(nèi)以家兔為西藏血蜱宿主,其完成一個(gè)生活史需要177.8天(范圍為129~202天)。在自然光照與氣候條件下,西藏血蜱雌蜱的吸血期7.7天,產(chǎn)卵前期和產(chǎn)卵期的天數(shù)分別是9.4天和28.2天。若蜱的蛻皮前期在整個(gè)生活史中持續(xù)時(shí)間最長為52.7天。飽血雌蜱與饑餓雌蜱的體重比是58.20,且飽血體重與產(chǎn)卵量呈明顯的正相關(guān)(r=0.8273,P0.05),雌蜱生殖效率指數(shù)與生殖適合度指數(shù)分別是5.1和4.7。對(duì)野外條件下寄生期和非寄生期西藏血蜱的季節(jié)動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)行為期兩年的調(diào)查(2014年3月~2016年2月),每周采用布旗法在草地及灌叢中收集饑餓的西藏血蜱,從標(biāo)記的羊體上收集寄生蜱,2014年5月至9月間每周用鼠籠誘捕高原鼠兔,檢查并采集其體表寄生的幼蜱和若蜱。結(jié)果顯示,西藏血蜱主要分布于草地,羊是饑餓成蜱和若蜱的主要宿主,主要寄生部位是羊耳和羊面部,高原鼠兔是幼蜱的主要宿主。野外條件下西藏血蜱一年能夠完成一個(gè)生活史,并出現(xiàn)世代重疊現(xiàn)象。成蜱主要在3月~7月活動(dòng),4月中旬出現(xiàn)高峰;若蜱出現(xiàn)于3月至8月,并于7月上旬出現(xiàn)活動(dòng)高峰,幼蜱在4月下旬到9月下旬活動(dòng),在5月下旬達(dá)到活動(dòng)高峰。采用PCR方法從西藏血蜱基因組中擴(kuò)增16S rDNA、COⅠ、COⅡ、12S rDNA和ITS-2測(cè)序后進(jìn)行同源性分析,用MEGA7.0軟件構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)發(fā)生樹并進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化分析。結(jié)果顯示,西藏血蜱16S rDNA、COⅠ、COⅡ、12S rDNA和ITS-2基因序列長度分別是436 bp、709 bp、249 bp、386 bp、1991 bp,轉(zhuǎn)換與顛換比值分別為1.458、1.841、1.077、1.587和3.077。僅有16S rDNA和COⅠ基因序列未出現(xiàn)插入與缺失,ITS-2基因的G+C含量高于A+T含量,其余4個(gè)基因A+T含量較高,分別是75.2%、67.1%、69%和78.7%。分別以16S rDNA、COⅠ、COⅡ、12S rDNA和ITS-2基因以鄰接法(NJ)和最大似然法(ML)構(gòu)建西藏血蜱系統(tǒng)發(fā)生樹,同一基因的兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生樹拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)類似。16SrDNA、COⅡ和ITS-2基因構(gòu)建的系統(tǒng)發(fā)生樹均顯示西藏血蜱與青海血蜱、大刺血蜱等聚類但親緣關(guān)系較遠(yuǎn),而在COⅠ基因中,該蜱形成獨(dú)立的進(jìn)化分支,未能與其他血蜱聚類,顯示在血蜱屬中西藏血蜱進(jìn)化關(guān)系相對(duì)獨(dú)立,與其他蜱種親緣關(guān)系較遠(yuǎn)。
[Abstract]:Haemaphysalis tibetensis of Haemaphysalis Tibet is only distributed in Tibet Autonomous region and Gansu Province. It is an important local pathogen vector in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but there are few reports on it, especially on its population dynamics.The study of life history and molecular systematics is still blank.From March 2014 to March 2015, the life history of Haemaphysalis Tibetan was studied in a controlled natural environment in Dangxiong County, Lhasa City, Tibet.The results showed that if rabbits were used as hosts of Haemaphysalis Tibetan in the field, it would take 177.8 days to complete a life cycle (range of 129 ~ 202 days).Under natural light and climatic conditions, the days of blood absorption, pre-oviposition and oviposition were 9.4 days and 28.2 days, respectively.The maximum duration of Prophase molting in the whole life cycle is 52.7 days.The body weight ratio of female and hungry female was 58.20, and there was a significant positive correlation between the full blood weight and egg laying quantity. The reproductive efficiency index and reproductive fitness index of female tick were 5.1 and 4.7, respectively.The seasonal dynamics of Haemaphysalis Tibetan during parasitic and non-parasitic periods in wild conditions were investigated for two years (March 2014 to February 2016), and the hungry Haemaphysalis Tibetan Haemaphysalis was collected from grassland and shrub by flag spreading method weekly from March 2014 to February 2016.The parasitic ticks were collected from the labeled sheep body. From May to September 2014, the plateau pika was trapsed with a cage every week to check and collect the parasitic juvenile ticks and Icarpyrifos on the body surface.The results showed that Haemaphysalis Tibetan mainly distributed in grassland. Sheep were the main hosts of adult and Isopyrifos, the main parasitic sites were sheep ear and sheep face, and the plateau rabbit was the main host of juvenile ticks.Under field conditions, Haemaphysalis Xizang can complete a life cycle a year, and there is overlapping of generations.The activities of adult ticks mainly occurred from March to July and peaked in mid-April. If the activities of adult ticks occurred from March to August and in the first ten days of July, the activities of juvenile ticks reached the peak in late April to late September and reached the peak in late May.PCR method was used to amplify 16s rDNA CO 鈪，

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