本文關鍵詞：油田壓裂微地震地面監(jiān)測速度模型校正及定位研究　出處：《吉林大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 微地震地面監(jiān)測 三維射線追蹤 微地震定位 速度模型校正 三維微地震監(jiān)測可視化模塊

【摘要】：低滲透油氣藏微地震監(jiān)測研究就是利用地下巖層錯動或斷裂而產(chǎn)生的聲發(fā)射現(xiàn)象對微地震震源位置進行定位的一種技術方法。近年來,隨著微地震監(jiān)測理論不斷發(fā)展成熟,基于微震監(jiān)測的裂縫評價技術已成為低滲透油氣藏開采過程中最直觀而又可靠的技術。微地震監(jiān)測方式主要有兩種:井中監(jiān)測與地面監(jiān)測。與地面監(jiān)測相比,井中監(jiān)測具有微震事件能量比較強,數(shù)據(jù)信噪比較高,并且能夠避免地面噪聲干擾等優(yōu)勢,在國內(nèi)外獲得了廣泛的認可。但井中監(jiān)測對壓裂現(xiàn)場條件要求較高,并且施工操作復雜,在沒有監(jiān)測井的情況下無法開展工作。而地面監(jiān)測不受壓裂現(xiàn)場井網(wǎng)條件及施工難度制約,將是今后主要發(fā)展方向之一,本課題針對地面監(jiān)測,圍繞微地震監(jiān)測方法、理論、數(shù)值模擬以及野外實驗等方面,對微震監(jiān)測中的正演、速度模型構建、微地震定位以及三維微震監(jiān)測可視化軟件等關鍵技術進行了研究。以地震射線追蹤為主的正演環(huán)節(jié)直接影響震源定位質(zhì)量以及計算效率。因此,需要尋找一種計算靈活,高效而又準確的射線追蹤算法。而地震勘探領域中廣泛應用的最短路徑法在地面檢波器數(shù)量較少,地下震源較多的情況下,則存在處理射線不夠靈活,提高精度的同時嚴重占用計算機內(nèi)存且耗費大量計算時間等問題。針對三維層狀結構,提出采用二分法對傳統(tǒng)逐步迭代法進行改進,提高了射線追蹤正演計算效率。針對三維低密度網(wǎng)格結構,將逐段迭代法與中垂線點搜索方式相結合,提出了一種新的兩點間三維射線追蹤方法,與最短路徑法相比,該方法在保證精度的同時,能夠大幅提高計算效率,為微地震監(jiān)測引入較復雜的速度模型提供了可能。震源定位是微地震監(jiān)測中的核心問題,傳統(tǒng)定位算法是提取大量檢波器所獲微震信號的初至時間,并優(yōu)化求解超定方程組以確定震源位置。但其主要缺陷在于該方法僅能采用均勻速度模型進行定位。本文采用基于網(wǎng)格搜索類的微地震定位技術對地下微地震事件進行定位,可引入更為精細的速度模型,以提高微地震定位可信度。但該方法存在計算效率與定位精度無法平衡的不足。因此,文中采用網(wǎng)格逐次剖分思想對常規(guī)網(wǎng)格搜索類微地震定位方法進行改進。該方法對目標區(qū)域進行首次剖分后,在最大能量聚焦的網(wǎng)格中心點附近進行進一步的細分搜索,尋找全局最大能量聚焦值,避免了為了提高定位精度而進行的全局化細分,以較小的計算代價獲得了更高的定位精度。文中還對速度模型對該算法的影響進行了分析與討論,最后,通過模型試算及野外實際數(shù)據(jù)處理驗證了改進后的微地震定位算法在計算效率以及計算精度上的優(yōu)勢。速度模型是影響微地震定位精度主要因素。本文首先對基于初至時差地面微地震速度模型構建進行了研究,壓裂射孔信號是速度模型校正的重要先驗信息,而實際監(jiān)測過程中射孔起震時刻無法準確獲取。為解決此問題,提出基于初至時差的雙差分均方根誤差來描述理論速度模型與實際速度模型之間的差異,采用極快速模擬退火法盡可能的降低雙差分均方根誤差值,在雙差分均方根誤差最小值一定閾值范圍內(nèi)選取對應的速度模型,并依次對射孔點進行重定位,進而篩選出速度模型最優(yōu)解。當儲層較深時,射孔地面記錄通常具有低信噪比的特征,很難準確拾取縱橫波初至信息。本文基于偏移振幅疊加法,并結合極快速模擬退火方案,提出一種新的速度模型構建方案,該方案不需要拾取震相初至信息,通過監(jiān)測射孔點處能量聚焦情況,并以射孔點重定位精度,判定速度模型是否可用于后續(xù)微地震定位。由于地震數(shù)據(jù)反演非唯一性,在利用該方法時將速度模型校正作為一種誤差補償方案以提高射孔重定位精度。合成數(shù)據(jù)試算結果表明:采用振幅疊加方法校正后的速度模型,對兩種主要誤差都有較好的補償效果。在射孔記錄信噪比S/N=0.1時,100次定位誤差均在2m以內(nèi),而基于初至時差法則完全失效。鑒于目前國內(nèi)適用于微地震監(jiān)測三維可視化軟件的匱乏,本課題采用Open GL繪圖技術,將Qt Creator植入Visual Studio 2010作為Open GL開發(fā)環(huán)境,利用C++語言開發(fā)了微地震監(jiān)測三維可視化模塊,利用坐標變換將處理好的微地震數(shù)據(jù)導入到計算模塊,通過分析處理,在輸出設備上直觀的顯示微地震事件,為微地震監(jiān)測工作提供了較為便利的人機交互工具。本文將震源識別,射線追蹤,微地震定位,速度模型構建,及三維等模塊嵌入,設計開發(fā)了三維微地震地面監(jiān)測軟件系統(tǒng),并將該系統(tǒng)應用于山西省婁煩縣寧武盆地野外壓裂實驗,實際應用表明該系統(tǒng)在地質(zhì)條件簡單的地區(qū)用于水力壓裂裂縫監(jiān)測是可行的,未來通過對速度模型校正方法的改進,可推廣至地質(zhì)條件較復雜的地區(qū)。創(chuàng)新之處在于文中在目前較為常用的射線追蹤算法的基礎上進行改進,在不影響計算精度的前提下,計算效率更高,更適用于微地震監(jiān)測領域;在微地震地面監(jiān)測速度模型構建方面,針對射孔記錄信噪比較高的情況,提出了基于初至時差的微地震速度模型校正方法,避免了射孔信號起震時刻未知,測井曲線初值不準等問題,解決了速度模型反演非唯一性的問題。針對射孔信噪比較低的情況,本文提出采用振幅偏移疊加微地震速度模型校正方法,避免了在低信噪比情況下,地震波初至拾取不準確的問題;在微地震定位方面,提出了網(wǎng)格逐次剖分法對常規(guī)的基于網(wǎng)格搜索類微地震定位算法進行改進,平衡與兼顧了計算效率與計算精度,為微地震實時監(jiān)測提供了可能;最后設計研制了微地震三維可視化模塊,為微地震監(jiān)測工作提供了便利的可視化工具。
[Abstract]:Low permeability oil and gas reservoir study on microseismic monitoring is the use of underground rock dislocation or fracture caused by acoustic emission phenomena of a technique of micro earthquake locations are located. In recent years, with the continuous development of the theory of micro seismic monitoring, crack evaluation of microseismic monitoring technology has become a process of low permeability oil and gas reservoirs in the most intuitive and reliable based on technology. There are two main ways: micro seismic monitoring wells monitoring and ground monitoring. Compared with the ground monitoring, monitoring wells with microseismic event energy is relatively strong, data with high SNR, and can avoid the ground noise and other advantages, has been widely recognized at home and abroad. Monitoring wells fracturing requires high field conditions, and the construction of complex operation, unable to work in the absence of monitoring wells. The ground monitoring is not affected by the field well network condition and construction difficult The degree of control, will be the main development direction of the topic for the ground monitoring, around the micro seismic monitoring method, theory, numerical simulation and field experiment, the forward speed in microseismic monitoring, model construction, micro seismic location and three-dimensional microseismic monitoring of key technologies of visualization software is studied. The play links affecting the quality and efficiency of source location calculation directly to seismic ray tracing. Therefore, there is a need for calculation of flexible, efficient and accurate ray tracing algorithm. They are widely used in the field of seismic exploration of the shortest path method in ground detector number of underground source under many circumstances, there is not enough X-ray treatment flexible, improve the accuracy and take up serious problems of computer memory and consume a large amount of computation time. The three-dimensional layered structure, based on the traditional dichotomy gradually The iterative method is improved and the improved ray tracing forward calculation efficiency. According to the grid structure of 3D low density, the iterative method and the combination of perpendicular search, proposed a new 3D ray tracing method between two points, compared with the shortest path method, the method of ensuring the accuracy and greatly to improve the computational efficiency, provides the possibility for micro seismic monitoring into the complicated velocity model. The source location is the key problem of micro seismic monitoring in the traditional location algorithm is extracted from a large number of detector received the first arrival time of microseismic signals, and the optimization solution of overdetermined equations to determine the source location. But its main drawback is that the method only by using the uniform velocity model for positioning. This paper adopts micro seismic location technology of grid search class to locate underground microseismic events based on the introduction of more precise velocity model, to Improve the micro seismic location reliability. But this method has less calculation to balance efficiency and positioning accuracy. Therefore, the ideas of conventional grid search micro seismic location method is improved by using the grid in this paper. The method of successive section for the first time to partition the target area after further subdivision in the vicinity of the grid center's search high energy focusing, finding the global maximum energy focus value, avoid the Global Subdivision and in order to improve the positioning accuracy, with low computational cost to obtain a higher positioning accuracy. The velocity model are analyzed and discussed, the effect of the algorithm. Finally, through the model test and field data processing results of micro seismic location algorithm improved the calculation efficiency and calculation accuracy. The advantage of speed model is the influence of micro seismic location. Firstly, the main factors Based on the first arrival time difference of ground micro seismic velocity model is studied, fracturing perforation signal speed is important prior information of model calibration, and the actual monitoring process of perforating shock moment cannot be obtained accurately. To solve this problem, put forward to the early time of double differential RMS error to describe the differences between the theoretical model and speed the actual speed based on the model, using very fast simulated annealing method as much as possible to reduce the double differential RMS error value, the double differential root mean square error of the minimum velocity model corresponding to the selected threshold range, and turn on the perforation point positioning, and then screened the optimal velocity model solution. When the reservoir is deep, perforating records often has the characteristics of low SNR, it is difficult to pick up the wave first break information. In this paper, offset amplitude superposition method based on, combined with the very fast simulated annealing scheme is proposed. A new velocity model is proposed, the scheme does not require picking phase initial information, by monitoring the perforating point energy focusing, and point to the perforation position precision and speed to determine whether the model can be used for subsequent micro seismic location. Because seismic data inversion of non uniqueness, in the use of this method will speed model as a kind of correction error compensation scheme to improve perforation accurate positioning. The test results show that: using synthetic data amplitude superposition method for velocity model after correction, has good compensation effect of the two main error. In perforating record SNR S/N=0.1, 100 times the positioning error is within 2m, and based on the first arrival time law of failure. In view of the lack of suitable for the micro seismic monitoring and 3D visualization software, this paper adopts the Open GL graphics, Qt Creator Visual Studio Open GL 2010 as the implantation of open Development environment, C++ language is used to develop the micro seismic monitoring and 3D visualization module, micro seismic data into the calculation module by using coordinate transformation will be dealt with, by analyzing and processing, visual display of micro seismic events on output devices, micro earthquake monitoring provides more convenient tools for human-computer interaction. The source identification, ray tracing, micro earthquake location, velocity model, and 3D module design and development of embedded 3D micro seismic ground monitoring software system, and this system is applied to the Shanxi Ningwu basin in Loufan County, field fracturing experiment, the practical application shows that the system used in the simple geological condition area monitoring hydraulic fractures is feasible the future, through the improvement of the speed model correction method, can be extended to more complicated geological conditions in the region. Innovations in this paper are often used after Ray Based on the improved tracking algorithm, the computational accuracy is not under the influence of more efficient, more suitable for the field of micro seismic monitoring; micro seismic ground monitoring speed model, aiming at the perforating record high SNR, the first arrival time difference of micro seismic velocity correction method based on the model. To avoid the vibration signal of perforation is unknown, the initial value of logging curves and other issues are not allowed, solves the non uniqueness of the model inversion problem. For perforating the SNR is low, the amplitude of migration stack micro seismic velocity model correction method is avoided in case of low SNR, the problem is not to pick up accurate seismic wave; in the micro earthquake location, this paper proposes a grid partition method of successive improvement of conventional grid search based on micro earthquake location algorithm, and taking into account the balance calculation efficiency and precision. It provides the possibility for real-time monitoring of microseismic events. Finally, a 3D visualization module for microseismic design is developed, which provides a convenient visualization tool for microseismic monitoring.

【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：P631.4;TE357

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