【摘要】：近年來(lái),在國(guó)內(nèi)外的建筑生活熱水中相繼出現(xiàn)了導(dǎo)致人類(lèi)患病的新興機(jī)會(huì)致病菌——軍團(tuán)菌和非結(jié)核分枝桿菌。它們通過(guò)使用熱水時(shí)產(chǎn)生的氣溶膠傳播,感染后可引發(fā)多種危及生命的疾病,我國(guó)已發(fā)生過(guò)因使用被此類(lèi)致病菌污染的生活熱水而導(dǎo)致大面積疾病爆發(fā)事件。隨著這兩種機(jī)會(huì)致病菌的檢出率、致病率和患病后致死率逐年升高,建筑生活熱水作為主要傳播途徑之一,水質(zhì)安全值得引起更多關(guān)注。本次研究選取北京市采用集中熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的住宅、醫(yī)院、賓館、辦公樓和高校浴室5類(lèi)建筑共22個(gè)采樣點(diǎn),通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)快速檢測(cè)兩種方法對(duì)生活熱水水質(zhì)和軍團(tuán)菌和非結(jié)核分枝桿菌污染情況開(kāi)展調(diào)研,分析生活熱水水質(zhì)對(duì)兩種機(jī)會(huì)致病菌產(chǎn)生的影響,主要得出以下結(jié)論:(1)賓館酒店類(lèi)建筑和住宅類(lèi)建筑的生活熱水中檢出了軍團(tuán)菌和非結(jié)核分枝桿菌陽(yáng)性水樣。兩種機(jī)會(huì)致病菌普遍的存在于生活熱水中,分布無(wú)規(guī)律,與供水分區(qū)、樓層以及房間是否相鄰無(wú)關(guān)。(2)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,31.82%的建筑檢出了軍團(tuán)菌陽(yáng)性水樣,這些建筑中47.83%的水樣被污染;22.73%的建筑檢出含有非結(jié)核分枝桿菌,這些建筑中的水樣53.85%被污染;13.64%的建筑中同時(shí)檢出軍團(tuán)菌和非結(jié)核分枝桿菌,分別占檢出軍團(tuán)菌和非結(jié)核分枝桿菌建筑的27.27%和42.86%。在賓館酒店類(lèi)建筑中兩種致病菌微生物污染嚴(yán)重,軍團(tuán)菌陽(yáng)性水樣占陽(yáng)性樣本總數(shù)的85.71%,非結(jié)核分枝桿菌陽(yáng)性水樣占樣本總數(shù)的80%。(3)軍團(tuán)菌現(xiàn)場(chǎng)快速檢測(cè)與實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)結(jié)果有一定差異,快速檢測(cè)設(shè)備受現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采樣環(huán)境的多種因素影響。因檢測(cè)結(jié)果有一定局限性,可將快速檢測(cè)用于軍團(tuán)菌污染趨勢(shì)分析。(4)建筑生活熱水的水質(zhì)理化、微生物參數(shù)對(duì)軍團(tuán)菌和非結(jié)核分枝桿菌滋生有較大影響,水溫、余氯、溶解氧是引起這兩種機(jī)會(huì)致病菌在生活熱水中生長(zhǎng)繁殖的關(guān)鍵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水質(zhì)指標(biāo),有必要升高水溫,增加水中余氯和溶解氧含量。(5)此外,在現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)盡可能降低生活熱水的濁度、有機(jī)物含量、電導(dǎo)率和溶解性總固體含量,并減緩水質(zhì)對(duì)管道腐蝕結(jié)垢的影響,間接抑制軍團(tuán)菌和非結(jié)核分枝桿菌在建筑生活熱水中滋生。
[Abstract]:In recent years, Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacteria have been emerging in domestic and foreign architectural hot water. They can cause a variety of life-threatening diseases after infection by using aerosols produced by hot water. In China, the use of domestic hot water contaminated by such pathogenic bacteria has led to a large area of disease outbreaks. As the detection rate of these two opportunistic pathogens, the pathogenicity and mortality rate of these two opportunistic pathogens are increasing year by year, the water quality safety should be paid more attention to as one of the main transmission routes of building domestic hot water. In this study, 22 sampling sites were selected for residential, hospital, hotel, office building and university bathroom buildings with centralized hot water supply system in Beijing. The water quality of domestic hot water and the contamination of Legionella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were investigated by laboratory test and field rapid detection, and the effects of water quality of domestic hot water on the two opportunistic pathogens were analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacterium positive water samples were detected in hot water of hotel and residential buildings. The two opportunistic pathogens were found in domestic hot water and distributed irregularly, regardless of whether the water supply area, floor or room were adjacent. (2) Laboratory tests showed that 31.82% of buildings had Legionella positive water samples. In these buildings, 47.83% of the water samples were contaminated, 22.73% of the buildings were found to contain non-tuberculous mycobacteria, and 53.85% of the water samples of these buildings were contaminated with both Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. It accounted for 27.27% and 42.86% of the buildings of Legionella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, respectively. In hotel and hotel buildings, two kinds of pathogenic bacteria are polluted seriously. The positive water samples of Legionella accounted for 85.71% of the total samples, and the positive water samples of non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis accounted for 80.1% of the total samples. (3) the results of rapid detection of Legionella on the spot were different from those of the laboratory. The fast detection equipment is affected by many factors in the field sampling environment. Because of the limitation of the test results, the rapid detection can be used to analyze the trend of Legionella contamination. (4) the water quality of hot water in buildings is physicochemical, microbial parameters have great influence on the breeding of Legionella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, water temperature, residual chlorine, Dissolved oxygen is a key risk water quality indicator for the growth and reproduction of these opportunistic pathogens in domestic hot water. It is necessary to raise the water temperature and increase the residual chlorine and dissolved oxygen content in water. (5) in addition, on the existing basis, The turbidity, organic matter content, electrical conductivity and soluble total solid content of domestic hot water should be reduced as far as possible, and the influence of water quality on corrosion and scaling of pipes should be alleviated, and the breeding of Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacteria in building domestic hot water should be inhibited indirectly.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：昆明理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：R123

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