本文選題：生態(tài)保護(hù) + 生態(tài)補(bǔ)償　； 參考：《昆明理工大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,人們對(duì)保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的意識(shí)也正在逐漸提高,但是對(duì)于影響生態(tài)環(huán)境的主體方即生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞方、生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)方以及因生態(tài)保護(hù)而利益受損方的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償問(wèn)題目前還沒(méi)有得到很好的解決,導(dǎo)致社會(huì)中各參與方,對(duì)生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)償及其補(bǔ)償計(jì)算問(wèn)題并沒(méi)有形成統(tǒng)一、明確的認(rèn)識(shí)、界定。本文對(duì)破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境方、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境方以及因生態(tài)保護(hù)而利益受益方、受損方的分析研究認(rèn)為:在生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)應(yīng)從破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境方、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境方、因生態(tài)保護(hù)而利益受益方、受損方,全方位、多角度建立生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)償及其補(bǔ)償計(jì)算方法,并綜合分析其計(jì)算方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)、適用條件、存在的問(wèn)題等,為生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)建立生態(tài)補(bǔ)償及補(bǔ)償計(jì)算提供理論依據(jù)。文章首先介紹了國(guó)內(nèi)外生態(tài)補(bǔ)償問(wèn)題研究現(xiàn)狀,得出國(guó)內(nèi)外因?qū)ι鷳B(tài)補(bǔ)償研究所涉及的領(lǐng)域和內(nèi)容的不同,導(dǎo)致生態(tài)補(bǔ)償不能夠形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,在實(shí)施過(guò)程中很難實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一、合理的理論依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。文章第二部分對(duì)生態(tài)保護(hù)的內(nèi)涵和意義、作用進(jìn)行了闡述。首先從生態(tài)保護(hù)的概念及內(nèi)容進(jìn)行界定,得出生態(tài)保護(hù)包含的內(nèi)容;其次對(duì)在生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)影響范圍內(nèi)關(guān)于生態(tài)保護(hù)的意義和作用,從凈化空氣、恢復(fù)和提高水源水質(zhì)、涵養(yǎng)水源、防止水土流失、保護(hù)生物多樣性、其他方面的作用及意義進(jìn)行了肯定和認(rèn)可。文章第三部分,對(duì)生態(tài)移民的內(nèi)涵和意義、作用進(jìn)行了闡述。首先對(duì)生態(tài)移民的基本涵義進(jìn)行了概述;其次對(duì)生態(tài)移民在生態(tài)保護(hù)中的地位和作用進(jìn)行分析,肯定了實(shí)施生態(tài)移民工程是保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的有效措施之一;再次對(duì)生態(tài)移民中關(guān)于生態(tài)保護(hù)存在的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了分析和研究,并提出了相應(yīng)的解決對(duì)策。文章第四部分對(duì)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)姆ɡ硪罁?jù)進(jìn)行了介紹。首先對(duì)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)暮侠硇赃M(jìn)行論述;其次整理我國(guó)現(xiàn)有的有關(guān)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)姆梢罁?jù);再次對(duì)現(xiàn)有的法律、法規(guī)等存在的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分析并提出相應(yīng)的改善意見(jiàn),為生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)有關(guān)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償提供法律保障。文章第五部分首先從生態(tài)保護(hù)的破壞方(即破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境向空氣中排放污染氣體CO2、NO2、SO2、CO的人群和地區(qū))建立污染氣體排放累加補(bǔ)償計(jì)算,并依據(jù)生態(tài)破壞方向空氣中排放的CO2類(lèi)比于其他污染氣體(CO、SO2、NO2)作為生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)暮怂阒笜?biāo),從而建立污染氣體排放累加補(bǔ)償計(jì)算方法。文章以移民區(qū)為例,采用種樹(shù)成本與根據(jù)碳匯價(jià)格計(jì)算出的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償費(fèi)用,并進(jìn)行綜合比較來(lái)確定生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)污染氣體排放累加補(bǔ)償計(jì)算方法,最終提出應(yīng)正確合理得使用兩種計(jì)算方法來(lái)確定生態(tài)破壞方應(yīng)給予的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償費(fèi)用。其次,對(duì)生態(tài)保護(hù)的破壞方以對(duì)土壤和其他固體污染帶來(lái)的生態(tài)破壞行為建立生態(tài)補(bǔ)償。依據(jù)造成土壤和其他固體污染的不同原因,利用污染程度、污染面積、污染物重量等指標(biāo),分別采取補(bǔ)償計(jì)算的方法。再次,對(duì)生態(tài)保護(hù)的破壞方以對(duì)水體污染建立生態(tài)補(bǔ)償,依據(jù)排放污水的總量和污水處理價(jià)格等指標(biāo),建立生態(tài)保護(hù)破壞方應(yīng)給予的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償。文章第六部分從生態(tài)保護(hù)的獲益方(即因生態(tài)保護(hù)使生態(tài)環(huán)境提高后獲益的人群、地區(qū)、政府、企業(yè)等)建立生態(tài)補(bǔ)償計(jì)算方法,對(duì)獲益方因生態(tài)保護(hù)獲得優(yōu)質(zhì)水源、流域內(nèi)減少泥沙含量、保持土壤中養(yǎng)分含量、形成涵養(yǎng)水源等方面,按照代替法、類(lèi)比法等方法,從獲益方因生態(tài)保護(hù)獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益方面建立生態(tài)補(bǔ)償計(jì)算方法。文章第七部分從生態(tài)保護(hù)利益受損方(即對(duì)因生態(tài)保護(hù)后利益受損的生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)居民或移民)建立生態(tài)補(bǔ)償計(jì)算方法。對(duì)利益受損方的損益分析,從生態(tài)保護(hù)后土地的損失、林業(yè)成本費(fèi)和管理費(fèi)的損失及開(kāi)支、移民身心損失等方面,按照原價(jià)補(bǔ)償和綜合調(diào)查的原則方法建立生態(tài)補(bǔ)償計(jì)算,從而對(duì)生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)居民或移民進(jìn)行生態(tài)補(bǔ)償。文章第八部分從生態(tài)保護(hù)的破壞方、獲益方、利益受損方綜合分析其計(jì)算方法的合理性、適用條件、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)以及存在的問(wèn)題,得出在生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)建立的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償計(jì)算方法應(yīng)全方位、多角度綜合考慮后選擇生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)有關(guān)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償問(wèn)題的計(jì)算方法。
[Abstract]:With the progress of the society and the development of the economy, people's awareness of protecting the ecological environment is gradually increasing. However, the problems that affect the ecological environment, the protection of the ecological environment and the ecological compensation for the interests damaged by the ecological protection, have not been well solved, leading to the society. Each participant in the meeting has not formed a unified, clear understanding and definition for the problems of ecological protection compensation and compensation calculation. In this paper, the analysis and Research on the parties that destroy the ecological environment, protect the ecological environment and benefit the benefit of the ecological protection are that the ecological environment should be protected from the ecological environment and protect the ecological environment in the ecological protection area. The benefit side of ecological protection, the beneficiaries of the benefit, the damaged party, the omni-directional and multi angle establishment of ecological protection compensation and its compensation calculation method, and the comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of its calculation method, the applicable conditions and the existing problems, provide the theoretical basis for the establishment of ecological compensation and compensation calculation in the ecological protection area. The second part of the article expounds the internal and significance of ecological protection and the role of ecological protection in the second part of the article. The concept and content of protection are defined, and the contents of ecological protection are obtained. Secondly, the significance and role of ecological protection in the scope of the ecological protection area are given and the effect and significance of purifying air, restoring and improving water quality, water water conservation, water and soil conservation, biodiversity conservation, and other aspects are affirmed and recognized. In the third part, the connotation, significance and function of ecological migration are expounded. First, the basic meaning of ecological migration is summarized. Secondly, the status and role of ecological immigration in ecological protection are analyzed. It is affirmed that the implementation of ecological migration project is one of the effective measures to protect the ecological environment. The existing problems of ecological protection were analyzed and studied, and the corresponding countermeasures were put forward. The fourth part of the article introduced the legal basis of ecological compensation. First, the rationality of ecological compensation was discussed; secondly, the legal basis of ecological compensation in China was sorted out; and the existing laws and regulations, etc. The fifth part of the article first set up the compensation calculation for the pollution gas emission from the fifth part of the ecological protection, namely, the destruction of the ecological protection (i.e. the destruction of the ecological environment to the air in the air pollution gas CO2, the NO2, the SO2, the CO, and the ground area). The CO2 analogy of air emission in the direction of ecological destruction is compared with other polluted gases (CO, SO2, NO2) as the accounting index of ecological compensation, and the calculation method of cumulative compensation for pollution gas emission is established. The article takes the immigration area as an example, and uses the cost of planting trees and the ecological compensation cost calculated according to the carbon sink price, and makes a comprehensive comparison to determine the birth rate. The calculation method of cumulative compensation for pollution gas emission in the state protection area is proposed. Finally, it is proposed that two calculation methods should be used correctly to determine the ecological compensation cost that the ecological destruction party should give. Secondly, the ecological compensation is established to establish ecological compensation for the ecological damage caused by soil and other solid pollution. The different reasons of other solid pollution, using the pollution degree, pollution area, and the weight of pollutants respectively, take the method of compensation calculation respectively. Thirdly, the ecological protection of the destruction party to establish ecological compensation for water pollution, according to the total amount of sewage discharge and sewage treatment price criteria, the ecological protection should be given to the ecological destruction of the ecological environment. The sixth part of the article sets up an ecological compensation calculation method from the beneficiaries of ecological protection (i.e., people, regions, governments and enterprises that benefit from the ecological protection to improve the ecological environment) to obtain the good quality water source for the beneficiaries because of the ecological protection, reduce the sediment content in the basin, keep the nutrient content in the soil, and form the water conservation water and so on. According to the substitution method and analogy method, the ecological compensation calculation method is set up from the benefit side for the economic benefit obtained by the ecological protection. The seventh part of the article is from the Jian Lisheng state compensation calculation method of the ecological protection benefit damaged party (i.e. the ecological protection area residents or immigrants who are damaged by the ecological protection). From the aspects of the loss of land after ecological protection, the loss of the cost of forestry, the loss and expenditure of the management fee, the physical and mental loss of the immigrants, the ecological compensation calculation is set up according to the principle of the original price compensation and the comprehensive investigation, so as to compensate the ecological compensation for the residents or immigrants in the ecological protection area. The eighth part of the article will benefit from the destruction side of the ecological protection, The benefit damage side comprehensively analyzes the rationality of the calculation method, the applicable conditions, the advantages and disadvantages as well as the existing problems, and concludes that the ecological compensation calculation method established in the ecological protection area should be omnibearing, and the calculation method of ecological compensation problem in the ecological protection area should be selected after the comprehensive consideration of multi angles.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：昆明理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X321

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