發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-12-27 10:23

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：水環(huán)境中精神活性物質(zhì)的分析方法及其應(yīng)用研究　出處：《中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院》2017年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 精神活性物質(zhì) 固相萃取法 薄膜擴(kuò)散梯度技術(shù) 北京 分布特征 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)

【摘要】：精神活性物質(zhì)是一類(lèi)作用于人類(lèi)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并能夠使人形成癮癖的麻醉藥品和精神藥品,會(huì)對(duì)使用者的身體和精神造成極大的傷害。毒品就是一種典型的精神活性物質(zhì)。近年來(lái),隨著全球毒品制造、販賣(mài)和濫用形勢(shì)的加劇,精神活性物質(zhì)源源不斷地被排入到環(huán)境中。由于污水處理廠(chǎng)現(xiàn)有工藝對(duì)精神活性物質(zhì)的去除率低,其隨出水進(jìn)入到自然水環(huán)境中,呈現(xiàn)"偽持續(xù)性"存在的現(xiàn)象,對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境和人體健康可能造成的危害應(yīng)該引起足夠重視。目前國(guó)內(nèi)鮮見(jiàn)關(guān)于自然水體精神活性物質(zhì)的污染水平、環(huán)境行為以及生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的報(bào)道。本研究以我國(guó)6種典型精神活性物質(zhì)[METH(甲基苯丙胺)、AMP(苯丙胺)、KET(氯胺酮)、EPH(麻黃堿)、MC(甲卡西酮)和HY(羥亞胺)]為目標(biāo)污染物,建立了基于固相萃取技術(shù)的主動(dòng)采樣方法,開(kāi)發(fā)了基于薄膜擴(kuò)散梯度技術(shù)(Diffusive gradients in thin-films,DGT)的原位被動(dòng)采樣方法。針對(duì)北京市城市河流,調(diào)查了其水環(huán)境中精神活性物質(zhì)的污染現(xiàn)狀和時(shí)空分布特征,并評(píng)估了其可能的生態(tài)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。主要研究成果如下:(1)建立了固相萃取SPE方法同時(shí)測(cè)定水環(huán)境中的6種精神活性物質(zhì)(METH、AMP、KET、EPH、MC和HY)。在不酸化樣品的前提下,OasisMCX萃取柱對(duì)目標(biāo)物質(zhì)的萃取富集效果最好,洗脫劑選擇含5%(V/V)氨水的甲醇溶液,精神活性物質(zhì)的回收率可以達(dá)到61.0%-91.1%。方法檢出限在0.30至0.80 ng/L之間,定量限范圍為1.00-2.68 ng/L。(2)開(kāi)發(fā)了薄膜擴(kuò)散梯度DGT方法同時(shí)測(cè)定水環(huán)境中的5種精神活性物質(zhì)(METH、AMP、KET、EPH和MC)。選擇對(duì)目標(biāo)物質(zhì)吸附率較高且吸附速率明顯較快的XAD凝膠作為DGT裝置的吸附膜,選擇聚醚砜膜(PES)作為DGT裝置的濾膜;通過(guò)計(jì)算4種有機(jī)溶劑(甲醇、乙腈、含5%氨水的甲醇、含5%氨水的乙腈)對(duì)目標(biāo)物質(zhì)的洗脫效率,確定甲醇為METH、AMP和KET的最佳洗脫試劑,含5%氨水的乙腈為EPH和MC的最佳洗脫試劑;條件實(shí)驗(yàn)證明DGT裝置在較寬的水環(huán)境pH和離子強(qiáng)度條件范圍內(nèi)具有適用性。吸附容量測(cè)試實(shí)驗(yàn)確定了 XAD吸附膜對(duì)目標(biāo)物質(zhì)METH、AMP、KET、EPH和MC的最大吸附量分別為57、45、92、83和93 μg/片。在25℃,目標(biāo)物質(zhì)的擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(D值)在6.62×10-6-7.60×10-6cm2/s之間。在北京市城市水環(huán)境中精神活性物質(zhì)濃度水平的應(yīng)用調(diào)查中,通過(guò)對(duì)比DGT方法與SPE方法,驗(yàn)證了 DGT裝置在測(cè)定實(shí)際水環(huán)境中精神活性物質(zhì)濃度水平的可行性和準(zhǔn)確性。(3)與國(guó)內(nèi)外其他研究相比,北京市城市地表水中精神活性物質(zhì)的污染濃度總體處于較低水平。從組成上來(lái)看,EPH和METH是在北京市城市地表水中分布較廣泛且濃度較高的精神活性物質(zhì),其檢出頻率分別為94%-100%和65%-100%,濃度范圍分別在n.d.-185.7ng/L和n.d.-99.5ng/L之間;從空間分布上來(lái)看,在城市人口密集、經(jīng)濟(jì)和娛樂(lè)業(yè)較發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)(壩河、北小河、通惠河),METH和KET的環(huán)境濃度明顯較高;從季節(jié)分布上來(lái)看,枯水期(冬季和春季)北京市城市水體中精神活性物質(zhì)的濃度水平明顯高于豐水期(夏季和秋季),其中冬季樣品中精神活性物質(zhì)的濃度總值最高(32.0-245.1 ng/L),夏季最低(0-140.2 ng/L)。(4)利用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)熵評(píng)價(jià)北京市地表水中典型精神活性物質(zhì)的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn),計(jì)算得出目標(biāo)藥物的RQ值均小于0.1,表明其可能的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低。但是由于精神活性物質(zhì)具有一定的極性和生物活性,其對(duì)水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可能產(chǎn)生威脅不容小覷。
[Abstract]:Psychoactive substances are a class of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances that act on the central nervous system of the human body and can make people addicted. They will cause great harm to users' body and spirit. Drug is a typical psychoactive substance. In recent years, with the intensification of the global situation of drug manufacture, trafficking and abuse, psychoactive substances have been continuously discharged into the environment. Due to the low removal rate of psychoactive substances in wastewater treatment plants, it will enter the natural water environment with the effluent, showing a phenomenon of "pseudo persistence". The harm to the ecological environment and human health should be paid enough attention. At present, there are few reports on the pollution level, environmental behavior and ecological risk of the mental active substances in the natural water body. In this study, 6 typical psychoactive substances in China [METH (methamphetamine), AMP (amphetamine), KET (ketamine), EPH (Ma Huangjian), MC (methcathinone) and HY (hydroxyl imine)] as the target pollutant, the active sampling method of solid phase extraction technology based on the development of film diffusion based on the gradient technique (Diffusive gradients in thin-films, DGT) in-situ passive sampling method. In view of the urban river in Beijing, the pollution status and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of mental active substances in water environment were investigated, and its possible ecological environmental risk was evaluated. The main research results are as follows: (1) a solid phase extraction SPE method has been established for the simultaneous determination of 6 kinds of psychoactive substances in water environment (METH, AMP, KET, EPH, MC and HY). On the premise of not acidifying samples, the OasisMCX extraction column has the best effect on the extraction and enrichment of target substances. The elution agent selects methanol solution containing 5% (V/V) ammonia water, and the recovery rate of psychoactive substances can reach 61.0%-91.1%. The detection limit was between 0.30 and 0.80 ng/L, and the limit of quantitative limit was 1.00-2.68 ng/L. (2) the thin film diffusion gradient DGT method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 5 kinds of psychoactive substances (METH, AMP, KET, EPH and MC) in the water environment. The selection of the target material higher adsorption rate and adsorption rate significantly faster XAD gel as adsorption film DGT device, selection of polyether sulfone (PES) as a membrane DGT device; through the calculation of 4 kinds of organic solvents (acetonitrile, methanol, acetonitrile containing 5% ammonia methanol containing 5% ammonia, the elution efficiency of target substance) sure, METH, AMP and KET methanol as the elution reagent, acetonitrile containing 5% ammonia for EPH and MC the best elution reagent; conditions of experiments prove that the DGT device has applicability in water environment pH and ionic strength of a wide range of conditions. The adsorption capacity test confirmed that the maximum adsorption capacity of XAD adsorption membrane for target substances METH, AMP, KET, EPH and MC were 57, 45, 92, 83 and 93 micron g/ respectively. At 25 C, the diffusion coefficient of the target material (D value) is between 6.62 * 10-6-7.60 * 10-6cm2/s. In the investigation of the concentration of mental active substances in the urban water environment of Beijing, the feasibility and accuracy of DGT device in determining the level of mental active substances in the actual water environment were verified by comparing the DGT method with the SPE method. (3) compared with other studies at home and abroad, the pollution concentration of the spiritual active substances in the surface water of Beijing city is at a lower level. From the point of view, EPH and METH are in the city of Beijing city surface water is widely distributed and the higher concentration of psychoactive substances, the detection frequency were 94%-100% and 65%-100% respectively, the concentration range between n.d.-185.7ng/L and n.d.-99.5ng/L; judging from the spatial distribution, in a densely populated city, developed economy and entertainment area (Ba River, North River, Tonghuihe, METH and KET) environmental concentration was higher; from seasonal distribution, dry season (winter and spring) concentration level of Beijing city spirit in water activity was significantly higher than that in wet season (summer and Autumn), the total concentration of psychoactive substance in the sample is highest in winter (32.0-245.1 ng/L), the lowest in summer (0-140.2 ng/L). (4) using risk entropy to evaluate the environmental risk of typical psychoactive substances in surface water of Beijing. The calculated RQ values of target drugs are all less than 0.1, indicating that their environmental risks are low. However, because of the polarity and biological activity of the psychoactive substances, it may not be underestimated for the possible threat to the aquatic ecosystem.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X52

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