本文選題：伯恩施坦 + 社會(huì)主義觀　； 參考：《鄭州大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 伯恩施坦(1850—1932)是第一個(gè)修正馬克思主義的馬克思主義者,是德國(guó)社會(huì)民主黨著名的理論家和實(shí)踐活動(dòng)家。伯恩施坦一生的理論和實(shí)踐活動(dòng)主要經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段：作為一個(gè)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主主義者,作為一個(gè)馬克思主義者,作為一個(gè)修正主義者。伯恩施坦所處的時(shí)代是資本主義相對(duì)和平發(fā)展的時(shí)代,各國(guó)社會(huì)民主黨人雖然在理論上堅(jiān)持傳統(tǒng)的社會(huì)主義革命觀點(diǎn),但在實(shí)踐中主要從事合法的議會(huì)斗爭(zhēng)和工會(huì)工作,并且日益滿(mǎn)足于日常合法斗爭(zhēng)的成就,忽視了實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義這一最終目的。這主要是由于一方面工人階級(jí)在原則上被拒絕以平等的身份包容在國(guó)家和社會(huì)之中,他們繼續(xù)受到經(jīng)濟(jì)剝削和政治社會(huì)壓迫。另一方面自19世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái),工人階級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)上日益得到改善,他們的地位在法律和實(shí)際方面都表現(xiàn)出有限改善的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。伯恩施坦想用理論適應(yīng)實(shí)踐的辦法來(lái)消除理論和實(shí)踐的脫節(jié),結(jié)果脫離了馬克思主義立場(chǎng),修正了馬克思主義,形成自己的社會(huì)主義觀。因此,本文將堅(jiān)持歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的方法,通過(guò)對(duì)伯恩施坦的一生及時(shí)代背景、其思想發(fā)展及來(lái)源作一梳理,以求在對(duì)伯恩施坦的社會(huì)主義觀進(jìn)行批判的同時(shí),也作出客觀公正的評(píng)價(jià)。我們可以看到伯恩施坦的社會(huì)主義觀主要表現(xiàn)在他對(duì)社會(huì)主義的本質(zhì),社會(huì)主義的實(shí)現(xiàn)途徑,社會(huì)主義的實(shí)現(xiàn)形式和社會(huì)主義國(guó)家形態(tài)的認(rèn)識(shí)上。伯恩施坦的社會(huì)主義觀點(diǎn)發(fā)表以后,受到以盧森堡為代表的社會(huì)民主黨左派的批判,特別是把伯恩施坦對(duì)“最終目的”的看法看作是對(duì)馬克思主義的背叛。列寧也對(duì)伯恩施坦的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了激烈的批判,指出伯恩施坦思想的實(shí)質(zhì)是“為了一碗紅豆湯而出賣(mài)自己的長(zhǎng)子權(quán)”。雖然當(dāng)時(shí)伯恩施坦對(duì)馬克思主義的修正是為了擺脫當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)民主黨的理論和實(shí)踐之間矛盾的,他的要求也是符合當(dāng)時(shí)工人階級(jí)實(shí)際愿望的,他的本意也不是背離馬克思主義。但由于伯恩施坦不能全面理解馬克思主義,其修正主義實(shí)踐一方面迎合了工人階級(jí)自發(fā)的階級(jí)意識(shí),另一方面把社會(huì)民主黨的斗爭(zhēng)策略上升為斗爭(zhēng)原則,雖然為部分工人階級(jí)爭(zhēng)得了一些權(quán)益,但不能改變?nèi)澜鐭o(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)的根本地位。在今天,我們要吸取伯恩施坦修正思想的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn),正確理解馬克思主義。
[Abstract]:Bernstein (1850-1932) was the first Marxist to revise Marxism and was a famous theorist and activist of German Social Democratic Party. The theoretical and practical activities of Bernstein's life mainly went through three stages: as a bourgeois Democrat, as a Marxist, as a revisionist. Bernstein lived in an era of relatively peaceful development of capitalism. Although the social Democrats of all countries theoretically adhered to the traditional viewpoint of socialist revolution, in practice they mainly engaged in legitimate parliamentary struggles and trade union work. And increasingly satisfied with the achievements of the daily legal struggle, neglected to achieve the ultimate goal of socialism. This is mainly due to the fact that, on the one hand, the working class is, in principle, refused to be included in the State and society on an equal footing, and that they continue to be subjected to economic exploitation and political and social oppression. On the other hand, since the 1880s, the working class economy has been improved day by day, and their status has shown a trend of limited improvement in both law and practice. Bernstein wanted to eliminate the disconnection between theory and practice by applying theory to practice. As a result, he deviated from the Marxist position, revised Marxism and formed his own socialist view. Therefore, this article will adhere to historical materialism and dialectical materialism, through the life of Bernstein and the background of the times, its ideological development and sources, in order to criticize Bernstein's view of socialism at the same time, Objective and impartial evaluation is also made. We can see that Bernstein's view of socialism is mainly manifested in his understanding of the essence of socialism, the way to realize socialism, the form of socialist realization and the form of socialist country. After the publication of Bernstein's view of socialism, he was criticized by the left of the Social Democratic Party, represented by Luxembourg, especially when he regarded Bernstein's view of "ultimate purpose" as a betrayal of Marxism. Lenin also criticized Bernstein's view, pointing out that the essence of Bernstein's thought was to sell his eldest son's right for a bowl of red bean soup. Although Bernstein's amendment to Marxism was to get rid of the contradiction between the theory and practice of the Social Democratic Party at that time, his request was also in line with the actual wishes of the working class at that time, and his intention was not to deviate from Marxism. However, because Bernstein could not fully understand Marxism, his revisionist practice, on the one hand, catered to the class consciousness of the working class spontaneously, and on the other hand raised the struggle strategy of the Social Democratic Party into a struggle principle. Although some working class gains some rights and interests, it cannot change the fundamental position of the proletariat all over the world. Today, we should learn from the experience and lessons of Bernstein's revised thought and correctly understand Marxism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D091.6

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 黃娟;伯恩施坦的核心思想研究[D];西安外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：2024034