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  本文選題：執(zhí)行權(quán)　切入點(diǎn)：共和　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：現(xiàn)代意義上的執(zhí)行權(quán)產(chǎn)生于中世紀(jì)的歐洲有其深刻的社會(huì)歷史背景,主要得益于兩個(gè)相互建構(gòu)的因素：其一,是現(xiàn)代意義上個(gè)體的出現(xiàn)；其二,是現(xiàn)代意義上國(guó)家的生成�，F(xiàn)代意義上個(gè)體的不斷成長(zhǎng)受益于中世紀(jì)西歐獨(dú)特的“兩棲性質(zhì)”的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu),這種特殊的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)使得封建主義和資本主義兩種完全不同性質(zhì)的因素不但能夠共存,還能積極共生；資本主義因素的不斷發(fā)展也按照其自身的秉性塑造著個(gè)體。而中世紀(jì)歐洲強(qiáng)大的教會(huì)力量使其具有了國(guó)際性質(zhì),而作為教會(huì)中堅(jiān)力量的教士階層得以在整個(gè)教會(huì)勢(shì)力范圍內(nèi)傳播其思想,專心其學(xué)術(shù)；并完成了個(gè)體秩序的合理證明。這一切促進(jìn)了個(gè)體的覺(jué)醒,并使之逐步具有理性化、世俗化的傾向,終而引發(fā)了個(gè)體權(quán)利意識(shí)的萌生；與此同時(shí),中世紀(jì)后半期的歐洲,尤其是歐洲大陸,頻繁的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)催生了強(qiáng)大國(guó)家的出現(xiàn),君主逐步掌握了強(qiáng)大的權(quán)力,壟斷了暴力資源和財(cái)稅資源,產(chǎn)生了近代意義上真正的民族國(guó)家。這兩個(gè)因素互相建構(gòu),一方面具有權(quán)利意識(shí)、理性稟賦的個(gè)體在尋求著強(qiáng)大君王的保護(hù),另一方面是明智的君主也意識(shí)到只有強(qiáng)大且集中的執(zhí)行權(quán)才能使國(guó)家富強(qiáng)并免于外邦的侵犯。這一切最終催生了現(xiàn)代意義上的執(zhí)行權(quán)。強(qiáng)大執(zhí)行權(quán)最早出現(xiàn)在中世紀(jì)歐洲的法國(guó)、西班牙、德國(guó),卻被身處四分五裂的意大利的馬基雅維利所發(fā)現(xiàn)；他堅(jiān)定的認(rèn)為,一個(gè)強(qiáng)大執(zhí)行官的出現(xiàn)是一種大勢(shì)所趨,因?yàn)橹挥兴拍軒?lái)秩序和穩(wěn)定,而一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的執(zhí)行官也在他一番“德性中立化”的改造后呼之欲出。 只有保障執(zhí)行權(quán)的有效性,借助于強(qiáng)大的執(zhí)行官,社會(huì)才能歸于秩序。似乎這是無(wú)可避免的“浮士德交易”。霍布斯將古典自然法理論中哲學(xué)的、抽象的自然概念搬到了具體的個(gè)人身上,并認(rèn)為自我保全的動(dòng)機(jī)乃人的第一天性；而人性又是自私的,所以人和人之間不可避免的陷入“狼和狼一樣的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”之中。為了避免這種境況,作為一個(gè)強(qiáng)大主權(quán)者出現(xiàn)的執(zhí)行官不但是一種必須,而且應(yīng)當(dāng)固定為一個(gè)官職,執(zhí)行權(quán)具有了職位化的傾向;由此,霍布斯彌合了政治和道德的緊張,使執(zhí)行權(quán)在獲得有效性的同時(shí),變得讓人可以接受。然而,這也意味著自始至終都存在的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn),即強(qiáng)大的執(zhí)行權(quán)一旦偏離公共性,整個(gè)社會(huì)同樣會(huì)墮入萬(wàn)劫不復(fù)的深淵,當(dāng)柔弱的個(gè)體置身于一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的利維坦面前時(shí)就顯得毫無(wú)招架之力。執(zhí)行權(quán)的有效性和公共性似乎很難兩全,換句話說(shuō),如何在執(zhí)行權(quán)獲得有效性的同時(shí)不失卻其公共性成了困擾人們的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。 在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上,共和思想給予了有益的啟示。共和思想以公共性為依歸,并希冀通過(guò)防范公權(quán)私用的消極防御路線和培育好公民的積極作為方式來(lái)保證權(quán)力公共性的實(shí)現(xiàn)。然而,在如何才能保證執(zhí)行權(quán)始終以公共性為依歸的問(wèn)題上,眾多思想家傾向于采取消極的防御路線,但具體的“馴化方式”各有千秋。洛克試圖將最終權(quán)力保留給人民,將執(zhí)行權(quán)、立法權(quán)分立制衡,而且無(wú)論立法權(quán)還是執(zhí)行權(quán)皆受到“公共性”的制約,如果統(tǒng)治者背離此一目的,人們便可以訴諸上帝,通過(guò)以暴制暴的方式使其恢復(fù)秩序；孟德斯鳩致力于將分權(quán)制衡付諸實(shí)踐,在共和思想的“混合均衡”之外,又增添了一個(gè)意見(jiàn)自由表達(dá)的機(jī)制,并堅(jiān)定認(rèn)為舍此就無(wú)法保證執(zhí)行權(quán)的公共性；聯(lián)邦黨人及其后的治國(guó)精英們則致力于大國(guó)執(zhí)行權(quán)的制度設(shè)計(jì),通過(guò)橫向權(quán)力(立法、司法、行政)的“混合均衡”以及縱向權(quán)力的“復(fù)合共和”兩原則來(lái)防止執(zhí)行權(quán)偏離公共性,并借助總統(tǒng)選舉的選舉團(tuán)制度和政黨政治的“合法反對(duì)原則”得以落實(shí),借此保證強(qiáng)大執(zhí)行權(quán)的有效性、靈活性及其公共性。
[Abstract]:The modern sense of the executive power in medieval Europe has its profound social and historical background, mainly due to two factors: the mutual construction, is the individual in modern sense; secondly, is the formation of modern country. The social structure of the modern sense of the individual growth benefit from the unique in Medieval Western Europe the "amphibious nature", this special social structure makes feudalism and capitalism two completely different nature of the factors can not only coexist, but also actively symbiosis; development of capitalist factors in accordance with its own character shapes individual. In medieval Europe the powerful church force due to the international nature, and as the backbone of the church the power of the priest class to spread his thought in the whole church range, concentrate on their academic; and completed the reasonable proof of the individual order. All this promote the awakening of the individual, and makes the rational, secular tendency, eventually led to the initiation of the consciousness of individual right; at the same time, half of the Middle Ages in Europe, especially the European continent, the frequent war spawned a powerful country, the sovereign's power gradually mastered the powerful monopoly the violence of resources and financial resources for the country's real national modern sense. The two factors of mutual construction, have the consciousness of rights on the one hand, the individual rational endowment seeking strong protection of the king, on the other hand is a wise monarch is also aware that only a strong, centralized executive power can make the country prosperous and from the Gentiles violated. All this ultimately gave birth to the modern sense of the executive power. Strong executive power first appeared in medieval Europe: France, Spain, Germany, but in four five - Italy Machiavelli found it. He firmly believes that the emergence of a strong executive is a general trend, because only it can bring order and stability, and a strong executive is also ready to be transformed after his "moral neutralization" transformation.
Only the protection of the effectiveness of executive power, with a strong executive, social order can be attributed. It seems that this is inevitable "Faustian bargain." Hobbes philosophy in classical natural law theory, the abstract concept of nature to specific individuals, and that self preservation is the first motive of nature people; and human nature is selfish, so inevitably between people and people trapped in a "war like wolves and Wolf". In order to avoid this situation, as a powerful sovereign executive but not a must, and should be fixed to an office, the executive power is tend to position the Hobbes bridge; thus, moral and political tension, so that the executive power in achieving at the same time, become acceptable. However, this also means that a danger exists that is from first to last, strong execution Once the deviation of public right, the whole society will also fall into the abyss of the doomed eternally weak individual, when exposed to a strong Levitan front is defenseless. The effectiveness of executive power and public nature seems difficult to co-existence, in other words, how to obtain the effectiveness of executive power without losing its public has become a problem.
On this issue, the republican ideology gives beneficial enlightenment. The republican ideology with the public as a whole, and hope to prevent passive defense routes through the public right of private and foster good citizenship as a positive way to ensure the realization of public power. However, in how to ensure the executive power has always been to the public based on many thinkers, tends to take a negative line of defense, but the specific "domestication". Rock tried to end each one has its own merits to retain power to the people, the executive power, legislative power and legislative power checks and balances, whether also is a kind of executive power is constrained by public, if the rulers deviate from this purpose, people to God, the way to restore the order of violence; Montesquieu is committed to decentralization into practice in the Republic of the thought of "mixed equilibrium", added A freedom of expression mechanism, and determined that there is no guarantee of public enforcement power; system design of the Federalists and the ruling elite is committed to the implementation of the right to the country, through the horizontal power (legislative, judicial, administrative) "mixed equilibrium" and "composite vertical power Republic of" two principles to prevent the execution of right deviation of public, and with the presidential election in the electoral system and political parties "legitimate opposition principle" to be implemented, to ensure the effectiveness of the strong executive power, flexibility and commonality.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D09

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