本文選題：北魏 + 國家�。� 參考：《吉林大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：賞賜即是予其有功也，是中國古代社會中具有至高無上權力與尊嚴的統(tǒng)治者所給予臣民的獎勵、施予。賞賜是北魏政治制度的重要組成部分，幾乎各重大歷史事件均伴隨著賞賜行為。本文試圖通過對北魏國家物質(zhì)賞賜的對象、物品種類、原因、特點的系統(tǒng)考察，揭示物質(zhì)賞賜對北魏社會的影響，現(xiàn)依照行文順序對本文的主要內(nèi)容和論點概述如下。 第一章前言部分，主要闡述選題的意義及其研究價值，然后從通論性研究和專題研究兩個方面，對與本文相關的先行研究成果予以回顧和總結，在此基礎上揭示出本文尚待解決的問題，并闡述文章的研究方法和寫作思路。 第二章是全文研究的前提，即說明了北魏國家賞賜對象的基本構成情況。首先對統(tǒng)治階級上層進行考察，宗室及外戚由于特殊的親屬關系，受賞物品乃至頻率最高；其他為官者則或因戰(zhàn)功、政績突出、參與政令策劃、好諍諫、德行高、受寵信、致仕、去世等受到國家賞賜。其次是對普通民眾階層受賞情況的論述，主要集中在年長者、孝悌、力田、廉夫、節(jié)婦、百工伎巧等的賞賜。最后，是來自于其他少數(shù)民族、政權的歸降者的賞賜。賞賜對象幾乎涵蓋社會各個領域，體現(xiàn)了統(tǒng)治者借助物質(zhì)賞賜行為維護政權統(tǒng)治的用意。 第三章探討了物質(zhì)賞賜的具體物品種類。將其分為五類：一是農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)品，主要包括粟、米、麥等谷物和馬、牛、羊等畜產(chǎn)品；二是手工業(yè)品，主要包括紡織品、成衣服飾、珍玩等奢侈品、樂器、兵器、行具、喪葬用品等；三是錢財；四是不動產(chǎn)；五是人口。其中北魏前期賞賜以第一類農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)品為主，北魏后期則更多使用第二類手工業(yè)品作為賞賜物品主要內(nèi)容。 第四章主要論述北魏施行國家物質(zhì)賞賜的原因。首先賞賜行為受到拓跋鮮卑歷史傳統(tǒng)影響；其次北魏國家施行物質(zhì)賞賜，一是為了以物質(zhì)財富激勵戰(zhàn)士取得戰(zhàn)爭勝利；二是為北魏政權延攬統(tǒng)治人才；三是在北魏前期百官無祿時期解決官員的基本生計；四是為了發(fā)揮賞賜行為的示范性，起到勸善的作用；五是國家重大喜慶之際布施恩澤，以示親善臣民。國家施行物質(zhì)賞賜最核心的原因就是更好地維護北魏政權的長治久安。 第五章討論國家物質(zhì)賞賜的特點。因孝文帝時期施行的俸祿制對國家物質(zhì)賞賜有較深影響，故本章以孝文帝即位為界，依據(jù)現(xiàn)有材料對北魏前、后兩段時期進行比較分析。北魏前期的物質(zhì)賞賜主要是大規(guī)模地對戰(zhàn)爭擄獲物的瓜分，時間上具有隨意性，受賜對象中立戰(zhàn)功者居多，并且根據(jù)“各有差”的原則進行。北魏后期的物質(zhì)賞賜中，戰(zhàn)后班賜明顯減少，賞賜對象多元化，，賞賜物品種類多樣化，并且更多傾向于手工業(yè)品。國家施行賞賜雖屬政治行為，但其必以經(jīng)濟為基礎，所以物質(zhì)賞賜往往是對當時社會經(jīng)濟的狀況的一種折射。 第六章主要辯證分析北魏國家物質(zhì)賞賜對社會產(chǎn)生的影響，同樣分為北魏前期、后期兩時間段進行考察。北魏前期國家物質(zhì)賞賜，政治上對于戰(zhàn)爭勝利具有推動意義，經(jīng)濟上解決中央官員基本生活，外交上加強與其他少數(shù)民族的聯(lián)系；但由于賞賜制度本身具有的局限性，使其在施行過程中并不能完全取代俸祿制度。北魏后期，太和八年（484年）頒行俸祿制，物質(zhì)賞賜政治上更有利于網(wǎng)羅統(tǒng)治人才，傳播尊老、敬老等道德理念；外交上有利于羈縻周邊政權，維護自身統(tǒng)治。然而北魏后期物質(zhì)賞賜出現(xiàn)濫賞現(xiàn)象，增加國家財政開支，助長了統(tǒng)治階級奢侈之風，使貧富差距加大，加速了北魏政權的衰亡。
[Abstract]:It is an important part of the political system of the Northern Wei Dynasty . It is an important part of the political system of the Northern Wei Dynasty , and almost every major historical event is accompanied by reward . This article tries to reveal the influence of the reward of material on the society of the Northern Wei Dynasty . The main contents and arguments of this article are summarized as follows .

The first chapter introduces the significance of the topic and the value of its research , then reviews and summarizes the previous research results related to this article from the aspects of general theory research and thematic research , and then reveals the problems to be solved in this paper , and expounds the research methods and writing thoughts of the article .

The second chapter is the premise of the study of the whole text , that is , the basic constitution of the Northern Wei state reward object is explained . First , the upper layer of the ruling class is examined , the clan and the outside Qi are the highest in the special kinship , the reward items and even the frequency ;
Other officials , or because of war work , outstanding achievements , participating in the planning of government affairs , good remonstrance , virtue line height , reception of favor , Shi Shi , death and so on have been rewarded by the state . Second , it is the reward of the elderly , the filial piety , the power field , the Lianfu , the women ' s wife , the kabuki and the like . Finally , it is from other ethnic minorities , the political power of the returnees . The reward object almost covers all areas of the society , reflects the ruler ' s intention to maintain the regime rule with the aid of material reward .

The third chapter discusses the kinds of specific items of material reward . It is divided into five categories : one is agricultural and animal products , mainly including millet , rice , wheat and other livestock products such as millet , rice , wheat , etc . ;
The second is the hand industrial products , mainly including textiles , clothing , rare and other luxury goods , musical instruments , weapons , implements , funeral products , etc . ;
Third , money ;
Fourth , real estate ;
The fifth is the population , in which the first type of agricultural and animal products are mainly used in the early stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty , and the second type of industrial products are used as the main contents of the reward items in the later stage of the Northern Wei Wei Dynasty .

The fourth chapter mainly discusses the reasons for the implementation of the national material reward in the Northern Wei Dynasty . First of all , the reward behavior is influenced by the historical tradition of the pioneer and postscript .
Secondly , in order to motivate the soldiers to win the war with material wealth ;
The second is to extend the ruling talents for the Northern Wei regime ;
The third is to solve the basic livelihood of the official in the early period of the Northern Wei Dynasty ;
Fourth , in order to play an exemplary role in reward behavior , it plays a role in persuading good ;
The fifth is the nation ' s major festival , which is to show goodwill to the people . The most important reason for the State to implement the material reward is to safeguard the long - term stability of the Northern Wei regime better .

Chapter 5 discusses the characteristics of the state material appreciation . Because the salary system of the period of filial piety has a profound influence on the national material appreciation , this chapter makes a comparative analysis on the period of the former and the last two stages of the Northern Wei Dynasty based on the present material . In the later stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty , the reward of the material is greatly reduced , the reward object is diversified , the varieties of the reward items are diversified , and more inclined to the hand industrial products . The state administration reward is a political act , but it is based on the economy . Therefore , the reward of the material is often a refraction to the social economy at that time .

The sixth chapter mainly analyzes the influence of the national material appreciation of the Northern Wei Dynasty on the society , which is also divided into two periods : the early stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the later period of the later period . The national material reward in the early stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty is of great significance to the victory of the war , and the economic settlement of the basic life of the central official and the strengthening of the diplomatic relations with other minorities ;
However , because of the limitation of the reward system itself , it can not completely replace the salary system in the course of implementation . In the later stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty , in the later stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty , the salary system was promulgated in Taihe and eight years ( 484 ) .
Diplomatic protection is conducive to the detention of the surrounding regime and the maintenance of its own rule . However , in the later stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty , the phenomenon of excessive reward , the increase of the State ' s financial expenditure , helped the ruling class ' s luxury , widen the gap between the rich and the poor , and accelerate the decline of the Northern Wei regime .
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K239.21

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