本文選題：東漢 + 士大夫　； 參考：《曲阜師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：孝,是中華民族亙古傳承的美德。漢代確立了“以孝治天下”的孝治理念,使原本屬于家庭倫理的孝道擴展到國家政治、社會層面,成為全社會普遍遵循的道德行為準則。東漢光武中興,繼承西漢的孝治理念,著手對儒士階層進行吏化改造,最終形成了士大夫階層,成為國家政權的重要組成部分。士大夫作為東漢具有一定的政治地位和文化知識的精英階層,他們以儒者自居,積極踐行儒家的孝道思想,使社會上涌現(xiàn)出了大量的孝子賢孫,有力地促進了東漢社會的重孝風氣。東漢在實施孝治的過程中,國家采取一系列措施推廣孝道,不僅《孝經(jīng)》成為全社會的通行教材,而且還出現(xiàn)至孝選舉,官府通過褒獎孝行、懲罰不孝,擴大了孝道思想的影響范圍。東漢家庭更是注重從小培養(yǎng)子女的孝德意識,使得士大夫在日常生活中都能謹遵孝道,積極履行為人子者的應盡義務。就東漢士大夫的孝行而言,主要體現(xiàn)為對父母親屬的孝行,對非親屬師長的孝行和移孝作忠三個方面。東漢士大夫非常重視對父母的事生之孝,通過一系列具體的孝行實踐著對父母的孝道,特別是對于后母的孝養(yǎng),不管后母嚴酷還是慈愛,士大夫都能事之如生母,顯示了士大夫較高的道德品行。與西漢士大夫相比,東漢士大夫更加重視對父母死后的外在形式化的孝,“居喪過禮”已經(jīng)成為當時士大夫有意識的主動行為。同時,在忠孝關系上,到東漢末年逐漸出現(xiàn)了重忠輕孝的趨勢,使得社會上出現(xiàn)了大量忠漢之臣,有力地捍衛(wèi)了國家政權。東漢士大夫的這些不同孝行表現(xiàn),體現(xiàn)了士大夫行孝的鮮明時代特色,士大夫行孝的對象不斷增多且行孝的方式更加多樣化。隨著孝與政治的掛鉤,使得士大夫行孝目的的功利性加強。由于東漢士大夫?qū)Ω改杆篮髥试醿x式的過度追求,使得士大夫的行孝行為更加極端化,導致社會上出現(xiàn)的愚孝行為越來越多,嚴重影響了后世士大夫的行孝標準。總之,東漢士大夫的行孝行為不僅對東漢社會乃至后世均產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。
[Abstract]:Filial piety is the everlasting virtue of the Chinese nation. The Han Dynasty established the concept of "governing the world by filial piety", which made filial piety, originally belonging to family ethics, extend to the national politics and social level, and became the moral code of conduct generally followed by the whole society. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Guangwu Zhongxing, inheriting the idea of filial piety in the Western Han Dynasty, began to transform the Confucian stratum into officials, and finally formed the intelligentsia stratum, which became an important part of the state power. As the elite class with certain political status and cultural knowledge in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the literati and bureaucrats regarded themselves as Confucian scholars and actively practiced the Confucian filial piety thought, which resulted in the emergence of a large number of filial sons and grandchildren in the society. It has promoted the filial piety in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the implementation of filial piety in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the state took a series of measures to promote filial piety, which not only became a popular textbook for the whole society, but also appeared in filial piety elections. Expanded the influence scope of filial piety thought. The family of the Eastern Han Dynasty paid more attention to cultivate the filial piety consciousness of the children from childhood, so that the literati and officials could abide by the filial piety in their daily life and actively fulfill the obligation of being the son of man. As far as the filial piety of the literati in the Eastern Han Dynasty is concerned, it mainly embodies the filial piety to the parents and relatives, the filial piety to the non-relative teachers and the filial piety and loyalty. Scholars and officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty attached great importance to the filial piety of their parents, practicing filial piety to their parents through a series of specific filial piety, especially for the filial piety of their stepmothers, whether their stepmothers were harsh or loving, and the literati and officials could do things like birth mothers. It shows the high moral character of the literati and officials. Compared with the literati officials in the Western Han Dynasty, the East Han Scholars pay more attention to the formal filial piety of their parents after their death, and the "bereavement" has become a conscious initiative of the literati at that time. At the same time, in the relationship of loyalty and filial piety, the trend of attaching importance to loyalty and neglecting filial piety gradually appeared at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. These different forms of filial piety in the Eastern Han Dynasty reflect the distinctive characteristics of the times, and the objects of filial piety are increasing and the ways of filial piety are more diversified. With the connection between filial piety and politics, the utilitarian purpose of filial piety was strengthened. Due to the excessive pursuit of funeral ceremony after the death of parents, the behavior of filial piety is more and more extreme, resulting in more and more behavior of filial piety in society, which seriously affects the standards of filial piety of later generations. In a word, the behavior of filial piety not only exerted a profound influence on the society of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but also on the later generations.
【學位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K234.2;B823.1

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