湯化龍與清末民初的政局
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-06-13 20:25
【摘要】：清術(shù)民初是憲政思想在中國(guó)迅速傳播、付諸試驗(yàn)并遭受重大挫折的階段。清術(shù)立憲派和民初的進(jìn)步黨、研究系一脈相承,作為關(guān)鍵性的力量參與了全過程。本論文的研究對(duì)象——湯化龍,作為該派的重要領(lǐng)袖,其政治生涯則與上述過程相始終。對(duì)其政治活動(dòng)的考察,為我們觀察近代中國(guó)憲政進(jìn)程的曲折展開提供了良好的視角。 湯化龍的政治生涯開始于1908年底,其時(shí)奉調(diào)回籍參與籌辦咨議局；結(jié)束于1917年底,其時(shí)作為段祺瑞內(nèi)閣成員連帶下野,次年秋在美游歷時(shí)遇刺身亡期間以辛亥革命和第一屆國(guó)會(huì)復(fù)會(huì)為界,可分為三個(gè)階段,大體為清術(shù)、袁世凱統(tǒng)治時(shí)期和段祺瑞統(tǒng)治時(shí)期。 憲政思想在19世紀(jì)術(shù)年被作為救亡手段傳入中國(guó)。清政府1906年宣布預(yù)備立憲,并于1907年諭令籌辦咨議局,為湯化龍這種既具有高等功名又通曉法政知識(shí)的新式士紳提供了廣闊的活動(dòng)空間,并使其迅速登上地方和全國(guó)性的政治舞臺(tái)。省內(nèi)立憲派也很快以合法組織為依托,以咨議局為中心,以留日法政學(xué)生為骨干,聚集起來。咨議局作為立憲派的主要陣地,不僅積極維護(hù)、行使章程所賦予的權(quán)力,而且在國(guó)會(huì)請(qǐng)?jiān)�、拒債保路等社�?huì)性的運(yùn)動(dòng)中成為輿論中心和發(fā)動(dòng)中心。咨議局開幕后,全國(guó)立憲派在請(qǐng)?jiān)杆匍_國(guó)會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的推動(dòng)下,通過召開各省咨議局議員聯(lián)合會(huì)、成立憲友會(huì),自覺地實(shí)現(xiàn)了聯(lián)合。在清術(shù)立憲運(yùn)動(dòng)的洪流中,湯化龍一躍而成為全國(guó)知名的立憲派領(lǐng)袖人物,積累了較為豐富的議會(huì)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)和廣泛的人脈。 民國(guó)成立,中國(guó)在經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)沒有變化的條件下從西方移植了政黨、議會(huì)、內(nèi)閣等憲政框架。國(guó)民黨和進(jìn)步黨進(jìn)入國(guó)會(huì),都希望通過在國(guó)會(huì)中占據(jù)多數(shù)進(jìn)而組織一黨內(nèi)閣,但實(shí)權(quán)卻操縱在掌握北洋軍隊(duì)、排斥憲政理念的袁世凱手中。袁世凱以專制獨(dú)裁為目標(biāo),扶植、利用進(jìn)步黨,打擊、驅(qū)逐國(guó)民黨；進(jìn)步黨以“開明專制”為理念,依附、維護(hù)袁世凱,試圖上臺(tái)執(zhí)政。進(jìn)步黨保有政治底線,在袁世凱露出帝制面目后決裂而去,與國(guó)民黨攜手抗袁,重返國(guó)會(huì)。在這一時(shí)期,湯化龍聚集起一批志同道合的舊立憲派骨干,在政黨和國(guó)會(huì)間互為依托,成為眾議院議長(zhǎng)和進(jìn)步黨領(lǐng)袖,與梁?jiǎn)⒊⒎Q黨魁。湯、梁在黨內(nèi)各有淵源,而湯介入實(shí)際黨務(wù)較梁更深�！岸胃锩笔『�,湯化龍積極推動(dòng)進(jìn)步黨組閣,但結(jié)果卻無法貫徹本黨主張,且湯、梁因解散國(guó)民黨與國(guó)會(huì)事趨于分裂。湯化龍此后擔(dān)任教育總長(zhǎng),他尊孔,但反對(duì)中小學(xué)課讀全經(jīng),在此問題上不敵復(fù)古思潮,不安于位。其辭職和決定反袁的過程頗為曲折,反袁期間和梁?jiǎn)⒊�、孫洪伊各行其是。袁死之后,湯化龍進(jìn)京疏通,督促段祺瑞下定決心恢復(fù)臨時(shí)約法與國(guó)會(huì)。 國(guó)會(huì)復(fù)會(huì)后,政治格局較袁前期有很大不同。國(guó)民黨與進(jìn)步黨重返國(guó)會(huì),以商榷系和研究系的形式進(jìn)行對(duì)抗,且更加激烈；研究系居少數(shù),在國(guó)會(huì)議事和憲法會(huì)議中處處受到壓制。研究系沒有改變其扶助與引導(dǎo)“中心勢(shì)力”的政治路線,但對(duì)掌握政權(quán)的訴求降低,而一心支持段祺瑞。湯化龍向商榷系建議共同贊助段內(nèi)閣,并盡快完成制憲工作,以期國(guó)家憲政進(jìn)入正軌,但事與愿違。府院之間、閣會(huì)之間、國(guó)會(huì)內(nèi)部黨派之間的沖突愈演愈烈,到1917年5月份,因參戰(zhàn)問題與制憲問題,矛盾爆發(fā)。湯化龍由于對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)極端失望,與段祺瑞(督軍團(tuán))結(jié)合主張解散國(guó)會(huì),在張勛復(fù)辟被討平后也拒不恢復(fù),并召集臨時(shí)參議院,試圖修改國(guó)會(huì)組織法,改造國(guó)會(huì),以達(dá)到在國(guó)會(huì)中占據(jù)多數(shù)的目的。這一企圖被軍閥輕易擊破,研究系完全失去政治活動(dòng)空間。湯化龍?jiān)菓椪恼嬲\(chéng)追求者和國(guó)會(huì)的堅(jiān)決維護(hù)者,強(qiáng)調(diào)循軌、秩序；最后卻不循軌、不守秩序,破壞憲政、解散國(guó)會(huì),引發(fā)南北沖突。 論文共分為五章,湯化龍上述三個(gè)階段的政治活動(dòng),分別作為第二、四、五章。此外,第一章考察湯化龍的成長(zhǎng)教育背景及其憲政思想的形成。第三章則考察湯化龍?jiān)谖洳齾⑴c首義期間的活動(dòng),對(duì)其出山、任職、任事及出走的過程,做了詳細(xì)梳理。
[Abstract]:The early Qing Dynasty was the stage in which the constitutional thought spread rapidly in China, put to the test and suffered major setbacks. The party of the Qing Dynasty and the Progressive Party of the People's Republic of China, and the research department, participated in the whole process as a key force. As an important leader of the school, the research object of this paper, as the important leader of the school, is always the same as the above-mentioned process. The investigation of its political activities has provided a good perspective for us to observe the tortuous development of the modern Chinese constitutional process. The political career of the dragon began at the end of 1908, for the time being, for the time being, in the preparation of the Committee of the State of the Union; the end of the end of 1917, the time being, as a member of the section of the Cabinet, and the next year in the United States, the fall of the year was resumed at the Revolution of 1911 and the first session of the Congress. The boundary can be divided into three stages, which are mainly Qing-Shu, Yuan Shikai's reign and Duan's reign. In the 19th century, the thought of constitutionalism was transmitted as a means of saving and death. in 1906, that government of the Qing government announced the preparatory constitution, and in 1907, the government of the state-of-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-art gentry of the long-term and well-versed in the legal and political knowledge of the dragon provided a wide range of The constitutional government of the province is also based on the legal organization, with the State of the Union as the center, and the students of the law and administration of the day are the backbone and the poly. Set up. The State of the Union, as the main position of the constitutional group, not only actively maintains and exercises the powers conferred by the articles of association, but also becomes the centre and the hair of the public opinion in the social movements such as the petition of the Congress and the maintenance of the debt. The state-of-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-nation In the Hong flow of Qing-Shu's constitutional movement, the soup-long dragon has become a well-known constitutional leader in the whole country, and has accumulated rich experience and extensive experience in the Parliament. The People's Bank of China, established in the Republic of China, has transplanted political parties, parliaments and the cabinet from the West under the condition of no change in the economic and social basis When the Kuomintang and the Progressive Party go to Congress, the Kuomintang and the Progressive Party all want to adopt a majority in the Congress to organize a party's cabinet, but the real power is manipulated in the control of the military of the North and the rejection of the constitutional concept. Yuan Shikai was in the hands of Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai, with an autocratic and autocratic rule, promoted and used the Progressive Party to strike and expel the Kuomintang. The Progressive Party took the "enlightened despotism" as the concept, attached to it, and maintained Yuan Shikai. In power, the progressive party has a political bottom line, and after Yuan Shikai has revealed the face of the Emperor's face, it will break, and join hands with the Kuomintang to fight against it. In this period, the soup dragon gathered a group of like-minded old constitutional diaphysis, relying on each other between the political party and the Congress, and became the speaker of the House of Representatives and the leader of the Progressive Party, and Mr. Liang Qi The party has its own origins in the party, and the soup is involved in the actual party. After the "the second revolution" failed, the soup dragon actively promoted the progress party group, but the result was unable to carry out the party's claim, and the Tang and Liang were disbanded from the Kuomintang and the Congress Things tend to split. Mr. Tonghua has since served as the chief of the education, and he respected the hole, but opposed to the full-time reading of the primary and secondary school, on which the old thought of the old thought was not an enemy. The process of resigning and deciding the anti-dumping is rather tortuous, and the period of anti-dumping and Liang Qichao and Sun Hong After Yuan's death, Tang Huilong went to Beijing to dredge, and urged Mr. Duan to make up his mind to return to the interim. Congress and Congress. After the resumption of the Congress, the political structure is lower. In the early stage, the Kuomintang and the Progressive Party return to Congress to fight against the form of the system of discussion and research, and become more intense; the study is a minority, and in the proceedings of the National Assembly and the Constitutional Conference The study has not changed its political line to support and guide the "the central force", but the demand for the control of the regime is reduced, To support the section of the cabinet, Tang Huilong suggested to co-sponsor the cabinet of the section and to complete the constitution as soon as possible, with a view to the entry of the state's constitutional government into the right The conflict between the House and the House of Representatives and the internal party of the Congress is growing, and in May 1917, the issue of war and the constitution of the constitution The issue, the conflict broke out. Mr. Tonghua, as a result of the extreme disappointment of the Congress, combined with Mr. Duan's (the mission) for the release of the Congress, and refused to recover after Mr. Zhang's return, and called for a temporary Senate to try to amend the Organic Law of the National Assembly and to transform the Congress so as to be in the Congress To take up the majority of the purpose. The attempt was easily broken by the warlords, and the study was completely lost. To go to the space of political activity. The Tonghua dragon was the sincere suitor of the constitutional government and the firm defender of the Congress, and stressed the tracking and order; finally, it did not track, keep order, destroy the constitutional government, and demobilize the Congress. The paper is divided into five chapters, and the political activities of the three phases of Tonghua Dragon are divided into five chapters. As the second, the fourth and the fifth chapter. In addition, the first chapter examines the growth and education background of the Tang-long. The third chapter is to investigate the activities of the Tang-long in the first-meaning period of Wuchang's participation in the period of the first-meaning period, and to take stock, serve, and run away.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K258
本文編號(hào)：2498797
[Abstract]:The early Qing Dynasty was the stage in which the constitutional thought spread rapidly in China, put to the test and suffered major setbacks. The party of the Qing Dynasty and the Progressive Party of the People's Republic of China, and the research department, participated in the whole process as a key force. As an important leader of the school, the research object of this paper, as the important leader of the school, is always the same as the above-mentioned process. The investigation of its political activities has provided a good perspective for us to observe the tortuous development of the modern Chinese constitutional process. The political career of the dragon began at the end of 1908, for the time being, for the time being, in the preparation of the Committee of the State of the Union; the end of the end of 1917, the time being, as a member of the section of the Cabinet, and the next year in the United States, the fall of the year was resumed at the Revolution of 1911 and the first session of the Congress. The boundary can be divided into three stages, which are mainly Qing-Shu, Yuan Shikai's reign and Duan's reign. In the 19th century, the thought of constitutionalism was transmitted as a means of saving and death. in 1906, that government of the Qing government announced the preparatory constitution, and in 1907, the government of the state-of-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-art gentry of the long-term and well-versed in the legal and political knowledge of the dragon provided a wide range of The constitutional government of the province is also based on the legal organization, with the State of the Union as the center, and the students of the law and administration of the day are the backbone and the poly. Set up. The State of the Union, as the main position of the constitutional group, not only actively maintains and exercises the powers conferred by the articles of association, but also becomes the centre and the hair of the public opinion in the social movements such as the petition of the Congress and the maintenance of the debt. The state-of-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-the-nation In the Hong flow of Qing-Shu's constitutional movement, the soup-long dragon has become a well-known constitutional leader in the whole country, and has accumulated rich experience and extensive experience in the Parliament. The People's Bank of China, established in the Republic of China, has transplanted political parties, parliaments and the cabinet from the West under the condition of no change in the economic and social basis When the Kuomintang and the Progressive Party go to Congress, the Kuomintang and the Progressive Party all want to adopt a majority in the Congress to organize a party's cabinet, but the real power is manipulated in the control of the military of the North and the rejection of the constitutional concept. Yuan Shikai was in the hands of Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai, with an autocratic and autocratic rule, promoted and used the Progressive Party to strike and expel the Kuomintang. The Progressive Party took the "enlightened despotism" as the concept, attached to it, and maintained Yuan Shikai. In power, the progressive party has a political bottom line, and after Yuan Shikai has revealed the face of the Emperor's face, it will break, and join hands with the Kuomintang to fight against it. In this period, the soup dragon gathered a group of like-minded old constitutional diaphysis, relying on each other between the political party and the Congress, and became the speaker of the House of Representatives and the leader of the Progressive Party, and Mr. Liang Qi The party has its own origins in the party, and the soup is involved in the actual party. After the "the second revolution" failed, the soup dragon actively promoted the progress party group, but the result was unable to carry out the party's claim, and the Tang and Liang were disbanded from the Kuomintang and the Congress Things tend to split. Mr. Tonghua has since served as the chief of the education, and he respected the hole, but opposed to the full-time reading of the primary and secondary school, on which the old thought of the old thought was not an enemy. The process of resigning and deciding the anti-dumping is rather tortuous, and the period of anti-dumping and Liang Qichao and Sun Hong After Yuan's death, Tang Huilong went to Beijing to dredge, and urged Mr. Duan to make up his mind to return to the interim. Congress and Congress. After the resumption of the Congress, the political structure is lower. In the early stage, the Kuomintang and the Progressive Party return to Congress to fight against the form of the system of discussion and research, and become more intense; the study is a minority, and in the proceedings of the National Assembly and the Constitutional Conference The study has not changed its political line to support and guide the "the central force", but the demand for the control of the regime is reduced, To support the section of the cabinet, Tang Huilong suggested to co-sponsor the cabinet of the section and to complete the constitution as soon as possible, with a view to the entry of the state's constitutional government into the right The conflict between the House and the House of Representatives and the internal party of the Congress is growing, and in May 1917, the issue of war and the constitution of the constitution The issue, the conflict broke out. Mr. Tonghua, as a result of the extreme disappointment of the Congress, combined with Mr. Duan's (the mission) for the release of the Congress, and refused to recover after Mr. Zhang's return, and called for a temporary Senate to try to amend the Organic Law of the National Assembly and to transform the Congress so as to be in the Congress To take up the majority of the purpose. The attempt was easily broken by the warlords, and the study was completely lost. To go to the space of political activity. The Tonghua dragon was the sincere suitor of the constitutional government and the firm defender of the Congress, and stressed the tracking and order; finally, it did not track, keep order, destroy the constitutional government, and demobilize the Congress. The paper is divided into five chapters, and the political activities of the three phases of Tonghua Dragon are divided into five chapters. As the second, the fourth and the fifth chapter. In addition, the first chapter examines the growth and education background of the Tang-long. The third chapter is to investigate the activities of the Tang-long in the first-meaning period of Wuchang's participation in the period of the first-meaning period, and to take stock, serve, and run away.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K258
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