對于天津教案起因的考察
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-06 21:16
【摘要】：1870年爆發(fā)的天津教案是晚清教案史上非常重要的一個事件,其原因也是史學(xué)界研究較多的一個問題。天津教案牽扯到包括西方在華官員、西方在華傳教士、中國官員、地方勢力、普通民眾等社會各種勢力階層,是各方因素糾纏在一起同時爆發(fā)的結(jié)果。要理清它背后的種種原因,就必須站在一個合適的立足點分析涉案的各方利益,將導(dǎo)致沖突的不同層次因素按照主次輕重梳順。 本文將時間和空間兩個維度相結(jié)合,研究視角逐漸拉近：第一部分介紹天津教案發(fā)生的背景因素,即中外文化差異。站在歷史的大背景下考察中外交往,其實文化差異導(dǎo)致沖突的情況幾千年來一直存在。早期的佛教和伊斯蘭教最初傳入中國時,也經(jīng)歷了與本土文化相互碰撞、了解、融合乃至同化的過程�；浇淘诿鞒跗谡絺魅胫袊鴷r也與中國傳統(tǒng)文化發(fā)生沖突,但是無論從數(shù)量上還是程度上考察,都無法與晚清教案相提并論,有些沖突甚至不能算作是教案,而是關(guān)于文化的論戰(zhàn)。所以,筆者認(rèn)為中西方文化差異并不一定導(dǎo)致教案的發(fā)生,但是教案發(fā)生的背后必定有文化差異的因素存在,在本文中筆者將其作為教案的背景因素考察。 本文的第二部分將視角拉近到晚清時期,從1840年鴉片戰(zhàn)爭開始,西方資本主義國家開始用炮艦政策對中國進(jìn)行侵略,筆者認(rèn)為這是晚清大部分教案發(fā)生的根本原因,也包括天津教案。在對天津教案的分析中我們不難看出此次的教案并不是盲目針對所有西方國家,當(dāng)時的組織者和大部分民眾將法國天主教傳教士和修女作為發(fā)泄憤怒的主要對象。因此除了對晚清時期西方國家在華傳教過程中的侵略行為進(jìn)行分析外,筆者還將對19世紀(jì)法國的對華傳教政策及其背景進(jìn)行回顧。法國被稱為“天主教的長女”,歷史上一直是天主教教區(qū)的重要國家。在基督教在華傳播的早期,法國取得了諸多利益。大革命之后,法國失去了在歐洲大陸的傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢,傳教的腳步也明顯放慢。1840年中英鴉片戰(zhàn)爭之后,英、美、德等西方列強(qiáng)陸續(xù)通過炮艦政策進(jìn)入中國,通過一系列不平等條約攫取了諸多利益。法國覬覦他們的成果,同時更擔(dān)心如果自己不參與這次對遠(yuǎn)東的侵略,將喪失重新成為一流強(qiáng)國的機(jī)會,使自己與別國的差距更大。但是當(dāng)時的法國在華貿(mào)易份額十分有限,條件優(yōu)惠的通商條約對于法國的意義遠(yuǎn)不如對英美等國那么大,所以法國的政策是加強(qiáng)對中國的傳教政策,通過思想的滲透獲得在華利益。 在第三部分,筆者將視角拉近到晚清時期的天津城。雖然晚清的諸多教案都與文化的差異、西方列強(qiáng)的侵略有關(guān),但是每個教案最直接的導(dǎo)致原因各不相同,筆者認(rèn)為天津教案中,關(guān)于法國天主教的一系列社會傳聞是其發(fā)生的直接原因。對于這些傳聞的辨?zhèn)闻c分析,能讓我們在對天津教案有更深入的理解。
[Abstract]:The teaching case of Tianjin broke out in 1870 is a very important event in the history of late Qing Dynasty. The Tianjin case involves Western officials in China, Western missionaries in China, Chinese officials, local forces, ordinary people, and other social forces. In order to clarify the reasons behind it, we must analyze the interests of all parties involved in the case from a suitable standpoint, which will lead to different levels of conflict in accordance with the order of priority and importance. This paper combines the two dimensions of time and space, and the research angle is gradually drawn closer: the first part introduces the background factor of the teaching plan in Tianjin, that is, the cultural difference between China and foreign countries. Against the background of history, cultural differences have led to conflicts for thousands of years. When the early Buddhism and Islam were first introduced into China, they also experienced the process of collision, understanding, integration and even assimilation with native culture. When Christianity was formally introduced into China in the early Ming Dynasty, it also conflicted with the traditional Chinese culture, but in terms of quantity and degree of investigation, it could not be compared with the religious cases in the late Qing Dynasty, and some conflicts could not even be counted as teaching cases. It's about culture. Therefore, the author believes that the cultural differences between China and the West do not necessarily lead to the occurrence of teaching plans, but there must be cultural differences behind the occurrence of teaching plans. The second part of this paper draws the angle of view closer to the late Qing Dynasty. From the beginning of the Opium War in 1840, the western capitalist countries began to invade China with the gunboat policy. The author believes that this is the fundamental reason for most of the teaching plans in the late Qing Dynasty. It also includes the Tianjin teaching plan. In the analysis of Tianjin's religious case, it is not difficult to see that this case is not blindly directed at all western countries. At that time, the organizers and the majority of the people took French Catholic missionaries and nuns as the main targets of their anger. Therefore, in addition to the analysis of the aggression of western countries in China during the late Qing Dynasty, the author will also review the policy and background of France's missionary policy to China in the 19th century. France, known as the "eldest daughter of the Catholic Church," has historically been an important country in the Catholic diocese. In the early days of the spread of Christianity in China, France gained many benefits. After the Great Revolution, France lost its traditional superiority in the European continent, and the pace of missionary service slowed obviously. After the Opium War between China and Britain in 1840, Western powers such as Britain, the United States, Germany and other Western powers successively entered China through the gunboat policy. Many gains have been made through a series of unequal treaties. France covets their results and fears that if it does not participate in the invasion of the far East, it will lose the opportunity to become a top power again, making it even more distant from other countries. However, France's share of trade in China was very limited at that time, and the treaty of trade with preferential terms was far less significant to France than to Britain and the United States and other countries. Therefore, France's policy was to strengthen its policy of missionary service to China. Through the infiltration of ideas to gain interest in China. In the third part, the author draws closer to Tianjin City in the late Qing Dynasty. Although many teaching plans in the late Qing Dynasty are related to cultural differences and the aggression of Western powers, the most direct causes of each teaching plan are different. The author believes that in Tianjin's teaching plan, A series of social rumours about French Catholicism are the direct cause of its occurrence. To these hearsay discrimination and analysis, can let us have a deeper understanding of Tianjin teaching case.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K256
本文編號：2315489
[Abstract]:The teaching case of Tianjin broke out in 1870 is a very important event in the history of late Qing Dynasty. The Tianjin case involves Western officials in China, Western missionaries in China, Chinese officials, local forces, ordinary people, and other social forces. In order to clarify the reasons behind it, we must analyze the interests of all parties involved in the case from a suitable standpoint, which will lead to different levels of conflict in accordance with the order of priority and importance. This paper combines the two dimensions of time and space, and the research angle is gradually drawn closer: the first part introduces the background factor of the teaching plan in Tianjin, that is, the cultural difference between China and foreign countries. Against the background of history, cultural differences have led to conflicts for thousands of years. When the early Buddhism and Islam were first introduced into China, they also experienced the process of collision, understanding, integration and even assimilation with native culture. When Christianity was formally introduced into China in the early Ming Dynasty, it also conflicted with the traditional Chinese culture, but in terms of quantity and degree of investigation, it could not be compared with the religious cases in the late Qing Dynasty, and some conflicts could not even be counted as teaching cases. It's about culture. Therefore, the author believes that the cultural differences between China and the West do not necessarily lead to the occurrence of teaching plans, but there must be cultural differences behind the occurrence of teaching plans. The second part of this paper draws the angle of view closer to the late Qing Dynasty. From the beginning of the Opium War in 1840, the western capitalist countries began to invade China with the gunboat policy. The author believes that this is the fundamental reason for most of the teaching plans in the late Qing Dynasty. It also includes the Tianjin teaching plan. In the analysis of Tianjin's religious case, it is not difficult to see that this case is not blindly directed at all western countries. At that time, the organizers and the majority of the people took French Catholic missionaries and nuns as the main targets of their anger. Therefore, in addition to the analysis of the aggression of western countries in China during the late Qing Dynasty, the author will also review the policy and background of France's missionary policy to China in the 19th century. France, known as the "eldest daughter of the Catholic Church," has historically been an important country in the Catholic diocese. In the early days of the spread of Christianity in China, France gained many benefits. After the Great Revolution, France lost its traditional superiority in the European continent, and the pace of missionary service slowed obviously. After the Opium War between China and Britain in 1840, Western powers such as Britain, the United States, Germany and other Western powers successively entered China through the gunboat policy. Many gains have been made through a series of unequal treaties. France covets their results and fears that if it does not participate in the invasion of the far East, it will lose the opportunity to become a top power again, making it even more distant from other countries. However, France's share of trade in China was very limited at that time, and the treaty of trade with preferential terms was far less significant to France than to Britain and the United States and other countries. Therefore, France's policy was to strengthen its policy of missionary service to China. Through the infiltration of ideas to gain interest in China. In the third part, the author draws closer to Tianjin City in the late Qing Dynasty. Although many teaching plans in the late Qing Dynasty are related to cultural differences and the aggression of Western powers, the most direct causes of each teaching plan are different. The author believes that in Tianjin's teaching plan, A series of social rumours about French Catholicism are the direct cause of its occurrence. To these hearsay discrimination and analysis, can let us have a deeper understanding of Tianjin teaching case.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K256
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