近代東北自開商埠與社會(huì)變遷
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-10 08:52
【摘要】：自開商埠是中國為抵抗侵略、保全主權(quán)、發(fā)展商務(wù)而自行開放的一種新型口岸。近代初期中國未能主動(dòng)與西方國家通商，這與當(dāng)時(shí)所面臨的國際形勢有關(guān)。清政府嚴(yán)格限制與西方國家交往，在很大程度上是出于對(duì)國家主權(quán)和利益的考慮。隨著西方政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、文化等方面沖擊的加深，中國在對(duì)外關(guān)系的處理上，開始發(fā)生變化。國人在主觀上也產(chǎn)生了調(diào)整對(duì)外政策的愿望，這些因素共同構(gòu)成了近代自開商埠開放的基礎(chǔ)。 東北的自開商埠最早可以追溯到1903年，中國同美國在上海簽訂《續(xù)議通商行船條約》揭開了近代東北自開商埠開放的序幕。1905年，清政府與日本簽訂《會(huì)議東三省事宜條約》，最終確定開放東北，一次性在東北放開放16處商埠。從1906年6月1日，盛京將軍趙爾巽宣布奉天省城對(duì)外開放，截至1909年，東北共有自開商埠22個(gè)。 自開商埠不但是一種政治決策，而且也是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)措施。在政治方面，通過自開商埠，在對(duì)外貿(mào)易上，將主動(dòng)權(quán)掌握在中國人自己手中，盡可能地按照中國自己的意志行使國家主權(quán)，是近代中國在政治上謀求獨(dú)立自主的體現(xiàn)。在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，自開商埠將一部分土地開辟出來，讓外國人可以合法地從事貿(mào)易往來，在列強(qiáng)對(duì)華實(shí)行經(jīng)濟(jì)侵略、滲透的形勢下，通過對(duì)外“商戰(zhàn)”，挽回利權(quán)。在文化方面，隨著自開商埠的出現(xiàn)，東北地區(qū)的社會(huì)文化也隨之出現(xiàn)一定程度的變遷。傳統(tǒng)教育體制的瓦解，宗教信仰的變遷以及商埠地居民社會(huì)生活的變化都反映出東北文化的近代化。 自開商埠的設(shè)立促進(jìn)了東北城市近代化的發(fā)展。近代東北自開商埠城市的開發(fā)大致經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段：第一階段是從1906～1911年，，主要活動(dòng)是成立市政管理機(jī)構(gòu)、劃出開發(fā)用地、修建道路和建設(shè)城市管理系統(tǒng)，以此促進(jìn)東北城市的近代化。第二階段是從1912～1919年，商埠的發(fā)展十分緩慢，幾乎處于停滯狀態(tài)。第三階段是從1920～1930年，各商埠地走向全方位的開放，市政建設(shè)逐漸完善，商埠地作為先行開放地區(qū)，成為東北城市發(fā)展的領(lǐng)頭羊。齊齊哈爾是東北地區(qū)自開商埠城市發(fā)展的典型個(gè)案。開埠通商為齊齊哈爾城市的發(fā)展帶來了動(dòng)力，使城市的各個(gè)方面都發(fā)生變化，促進(jìn)了城市發(fā)展的近代化。
[Abstract]:Self-opening port is a new type of port opened by China to resist aggression, preserve sovereignty and develop commerce. At the beginning of modern times, China failed to trade with western countries voluntarily, which was related to the international situation at that time. The Qing government restricted its contact with western countries to a great extent out of consideration of national sovereignty and interests. With the deepening of western political, economic, military and cultural shocks, China began to change its foreign relations. The Chinese people also had the desire to adjust their foreign policy subjectively, which together formed the basis of opening their own commercial ports in modern times. The opening of a commercial port in northeast China can be traced back to 1903. China signed the Treaty of Trade and Shipping with the United States in Shanghai. The Qing government signed the Treaty of the three provinces of the East China Conference with Japan, and finally decided to open the Northeast, opening 16 commercial ports in the Northeast at one time. From June 1, 1906, Shengjing General Zhao Erxun announced the opening of Fengtian provincial capital. As of 1909, there were 22 commercial ports in Northeast China. Opening a commercial port is not only a political decision, but also an economic measure. In the aspect of politics, it is the embodiment of modern China to seek independence in politics by opening its own commercial port and holding the initiative in the hands of the Chinese people and exercising national sovereignty as far as possible according to China's own will in foreign trade. In the economic aspect, the opening of commercial ports has opened up a part of the land so that foreigners can legally engage in trade exchanges, and under the situation of foreign powers' economic aggression against China and infiltration, through the "commercial war" to foreign countries, the right to profit can be recovered. In terms of culture, with the emergence of commercial ports, the social culture in Northeast China has changed to a certain extent. The disintegration of the traditional education system, the change of religious belief and the change of the social life of the residents of the commercial port all reflect the modernization of the Northeast culture. The establishment of self-opening commercial port promoted the development of northeast city modernization. In modern times, the development of the commercial port city in northeast China experienced three stages: the first stage was from 1906 to 1911, the main activity was to set up the municipal administration organization, to draw out the development land, to build the road and to build the city management system. In order to promote the modernization of Northeast cities. The second stage was from 1912 to 1919. The development of commercial ports was very slow and almost stagnant. The third stage is from 1920 to 1930, each commercial port land moves towards the omni-directional opening, the municipal construction gradually consummates, the commercial port as the first opening area, becomes the northeast city development leader. Qiqihar is a typical case of city development in northeast China. The opening of ports and commerce has brought impetus to the development of Qiqihar city, changed all aspects of the city, and promoted the modernization of the city development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K25;F129
本文編號(hào)：2233964
[Abstract]:Self-opening port is a new type of port opened by China to resist aggression, preserve sovereignty and develop commerce. At the beginning of modern times, China failed to trade with western countries voluntarily, which was related to the international situation at that time. The Qing government restricted its contact with western countries to a great extent out of consideration of national sovereignty and interests. With the deepening of western political, economic, military and cultural shocks, China began to change its foreign relations. The Chinese people also had the desire to adjust their foreign policy subjectively, which together formed the basis of opening their own commercial ports in modern times. The opening of a commercial port in northeast China can be traced back to 1903. China signed the Treaty of Trade and Shipping with the United States in Shanghai. The Qing government signed the Treaty of the three provinces of the East China Conference with Japan, and finally decided to open the Northeast, opening 16 commercial ports in the Northeast at one time. From June 1, 1906, Shengjing General Zhao Erxun announced the opening of Fengtian provincial capital. As of 1909, there were 22 commercial ports in Northeast China. Opening a commercial port is not only a political decision, but also an economic measure. In the aspect of politics, it is the embodiment of modern China to seek independence in politics by opening its own commercial port and holding the initiative in the hands of the Chinese people and exercising national sovereignty as far as possible according to China's own will in foreign trade. In the economic aspect, the opening of commercial ports has opened up a part of the land so that foreigners can legally engage in trade exchanges, and under the situation of foreign powers' economic aggression against China and infiltration, through the "commercial war" to foreign countries, the right to profit can be recovered. In terms of culture, with the emergence of commercial ports, the social culture in Northeast China has changed to a certain extent. The disintegration of the traditional education system, the change of religious belief and the change of the social life of the residents of the commercial port all reflect the modernization of the Northeast culture. The establishment of self-opening commercial port promoted the development of northeast city modernization. In modern times, the development of the commercial port city in northeast China experienced three stages: the first stage was from 1906 to 1911, the main activity was to set up the municipal administration organization, to draw out the development land, to build the road and to build the city management system. In order to promote the modernization of Northeast cities. The second stage was from 1912 to 1919. The development of commercial ports was very slow and almost stagnant. The third stage is from 1920 to 1930, each commercial port land moves towards the omni-directional opening, the municipal construction gradually consummates, the commercial port as the first opening area, becomes the northeast city development leader. Qiqihar is a typical case of city development in northeast China. The opening of ports and commerce has brought impetus to the development of Qiqihar city, changed all aspects of the city, and promoted the modernization of the city development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K25;F129
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