民國(guó)憲法在新疆的實(shí)踐研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-26 20:47
【摘要】：新疆自古以來(lái)就是中國(guó)的西陲,是一個(gè)多民族、多宗教并存的邊防要地,東西方民族和文化在這里交匯。與其他邊疆相比,其更有特殊性和重要性。新疆占中國(guó)陸地總面積六分之一,占邊界線(xiàn)總長(zhǎng)度四分之一,涵蓋了許多對(duì)國(guó)家而言極為重要和關(guān)鍵的因素:西部邊疆、少數(shù)民族聚居、各種資源豐富、地域遼闊,因此其法制現(xiàn)代化的推行與深化有著非同尋常的多重意義。尤其是新疆“7·5”事件后,對(duì)憲法在新疆地方的適用研究不僅有深厚的學(xué)理意義,而且在實(shí)踐中有著緊迫的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要。因此研究前人維護(hù)邊疆穩(wěn)定與安全的治理經(jīng)驗(yàn),把握新疆近代政治的特點(diǎn),深化我們對(duì)新疆特殊性的認(rèn)識(shí),為更好的貫徹實(shí)施民族區(qū)域自治的地方憲政安排,加快新疆民族地區(qū)的立法活動(dòng),促進(jìn)邊疆治理的法治化,維護(hù)國(guó)家邊疆穩(wěn)定有著重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 本文主要研究民國(guó)時(shí)期即1912年至1949年之間,新疆由傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)邁向近代化過(guò)程中憲法在新疆地方的實(shí)施情況,對(duì)民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆地方政治憲法化走向及影響其發(fā)展的各種因素,進(jìn)行了梳理、總結(jié)與評(píng)價(jià),在此基礎(chǔ)上,試圖總結(jié)出民國(guó)憲法對(duì)新疆地方政治民主化影響的路徑,揭示新疆是如何最終走向民族區(qū)域自治道路的。最終在總結(jié)歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,得出對(duì)當(dāng)下新疆地方憲政建設(shè)、發(fā)展的重要啟示。 本文認(rèn)為,民國(guó)時(shí)期憲法在新疆地方的實(shí)踐過(guò)程是在曲折和艱難中前行的,其受到的影響因素是眾多的,如新疆地方與中央關(guān)系之演變、軍閥割據(jù)的影響、傳統(tǒng)的中央集權(quán)觀(guān)念、帝國(guó)主義的干涉與侵略、地域主義、國(guó)內(nèi)外政治形勢(shì)、民族宗教關(guān)系、政黨制度、西方觀(guān)念等方面。其中對(duì)憲法在新疆地方實(shí)施影響最大的是:新疆地方與中央關(guān)系之演變、帝國(guó)主義的干涉與侵略、民族宗教關(guān)系等方面。 本文共分以下幾個(gè)部分: 導(dǎo)論部分,主要是對(duì)論文的選題目的與意義進(jìn)行了論述,對(duì)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)界的研究動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)行了梳理,并從總體上對(duì)論文的研究徑路與篇章架構(gòu)做了介紹。 第一章主要從近代中國(guó)社會(huì)的變革出發(fā),介紹了清末民初憲法在新疆地方實(shí)施的時(shí)代背景。作為中國(guó)的一個(gè)邊疆省份,與內(nèi)地一樣所遇到的各種危機(jī)及應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)的社會(huì)變革是新疆地方政治憲法化的緣起。但其特殊的地緣政治環(huán)境與特殊的族群構(gòu)成,導(dǎo)致造成了比內(nèi)地更加復(fù)雜的局面,給新疆的近代化與憲法在新疆地方的實(shí)施帶來(lái)了更多的阻礙與制約因素。 第二章介紹了作為特殊的一個(gè)省份,新疆地方與中央關(guān)系的發(fā)展演變過(guò)程。對(duì)這個(gè)關(guān)系的梳理與總結(jié),是分析憲法在新疆地方實(shí)施的前提與起點(diǎn)。中央與地方關(guān)系作為一個(gè)國(guó)家政治和社會(huì)生活的重要主題,是一國(guó)憲法在地方實(shí)現(xiàn)或地方政權(quán)走向民主化的重要內(nèi)容和前提條件�？v觀(guān)民國(guó)時(shí)期,無(wú)論新疆地方的政局如何變化,與中央的關(guān)系是密切還是疏遠(yuǎn),但新疆始終是中國(guó)不可分割的一部分,這是幾千年新疆地方與中央關(guān)系變遷中歷史與人民的最終選擇。 第三章介紹了新疆地方政治走向憲法化的理論基礎(chǔ)。這一時(shí)期,由于中央政府權(quán)威、實(shí)力的式微,帝國(guó)主義勢(shì)力的不斷干涉、侵略,使得民族與宗教問(wèn)題的解決更加復(fù)雜、困難重重,邊疆危機(jī)四起。以國(guó)共兩黨為代表的先進(jìn)的中國(guó)人進(jìn)行了各種有益的理論探索和實(shí)踐。這些理念和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)民國(guó)時(shí)期解決新疆的民族、宗教問(wèn)題及新疆最終走上民主政治的方向都產(chǎn)生了重要影響。 第四章梳理了新疆地方邁向政治憲法化的曲折歷程。首先,指出新疆伊犁辛亥革命的爆發(fā)與勝利,是民國(guó)新疆邁向政治憲法化的標(biāo)志性事件,其對(duì)憲法在新疆地方的實(shí)踐產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)意義;其次,舊官僚楊增新竊取了革命成果,建立了軍閥專(zhuān)制統(tǒng)治,新疆地方的政治憲法化發(fā)展受到嚴(yán)重阻礙。但歷史的車(chē)輪是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的,為了維護(hù)自己的統(tǒng)治,歷任軍閥也不得不實(shí)行一些有助于地方政治民主化發(fā)展的改良措施,雖然微乎其微,但也是一種進(jìn)步。國(guó)民黨直接控制新疆后,與三區(qū)政權(quán)成立了少數(shù)民族參政議政的聯(lián)合政府,為促進(jìn)新疆走向各民族平等、自治及少數(shù)民族享有民主政治權(quán)利為內(nèi)容的地方政治憲法化道路打下了基礎(chǔ)。但國(guó)民黨的政黨性質(zhì)決定了,這些體現(xiàn)平等、民主的措施是無(wú)法真正貫徹執(zhí)行的,最終導(dǎo)致聯(lián)合政府破裂,憲法在新疆的實(shí)踐最終以失敗告終。一直到1949年,新疆和平解放后,新疆地方的政治憲法化建設(shè)才得以大發(fā)展。然而民國(guó)時(shí)期,憲法在新疆地方的實(shí)踐為以后提供了借鑒。 第五章探討了民國(guó)時(shí)期影響憲法在新疆地方實(shí)踐的各種政治力量,包括哥老會(huì)、國(guó)民黨、共產(chǎn)黨、及外國(guó)勢(shì)力的干涉與控制,這些政治勢(shì)力或是促進(jìn)了平等、自治、民主等思想的傳播;或阻礙、干涉了新疆地方政治近代化、法治化的建設(shè),對(duì)新疆地方政治走向憲法化產(chǎn)生了或大或小的影響。 第六章考察了民國(guó)憲法在新疆地方的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。通過(guò)對(duì)一系列原始檔案的分析,從微觀(guān)上感知憲法在新疆地方的實(shí)施進(jìn)展,及當(dāng)時(shí)體現(xiàn)地方政治民主化思想的各種措施在現(xiàn)實(shí)中是如何運(yùn)行的。這些措施的實(shí)行結(jié)果如何,對(duì)新疆地方政治走向的影響如何等等。 第七章對(duì)民國(guó)時(shí)期憲法在新疆地方實(shí)踐的特點(diǎn)與影響因素進(jìn)行總結(jié)與評(píng)價(jià)。綜觀(guān)民國(guó)時(shí)期,可以看到影響憲法在新疆地方實(shí)施的因素有很多。這些因素對(duì)其影響不一,由此得出新疆地方的政治憲法化發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)。 結(jié)語(yǔ)部分則是在總結(jié)民國(guó)憲法在新疆實(shí)施中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)基礎(chǔ)上,提出了當(dāng)下新疆地方憲政的方向,即在憲法的框架內(nèi)構(gòu)建國(guó)家統(tǒng)一、地方法治、民族自治相得益彰和諧一體的新型法律治理模式。
[Abstract]:Xinjiang has been the western frontier of China since ancient times. It is an important frontier defense area with multi-ethnic and multi-religious coexistence, where Eastern and western nationalities and cultures meet. Compared with other frontiers, it has more particularity and importance. Xinjiang accounts for one sixth of the total land area of China, one quarter of the total length of the border line, and it covers a lot of extremely heavy things for the country. The key factors are as follows: the western frontier, inhabited by minority nationalities, abundant resources and vast territory, so the implementation and deepening of the modernization of the legal system has an unusual multiple significance. Especially after the "7.5" incident in Xinjiang, the study on the application of the Constitution in Xinjiang is not only of profound academic significance, but also of great urgency in practice. Therefore, it is necessary to study predecessors'experience in maintaining the stability and security of the border areas, grasp the characteristics of Xinjiang's modern politics, deepen our understanding of Xinjiang's particularity, better implement the local constitutional arrangements for regional ethnic autonomy, speed up the legislative activities in Xinjiang's ethnic areas, promote the legalization of border governance, and safeguard the state. The stability of the border area has important practical significance.
This paper mainly studies the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang during the period from 1912 to 1949 when Xinjiang was moving from traditional society to modernization. It sorts out, summarizes and evaluates the trend of the local political constitutionalization in Xinjiang and the various factors affecting its development in the period of the Republic of China. On this basis, it tries to sum up the constitutional rights of the Republic of China. Finally, on the basis of summing up the historical experience, we can get the important enlightenment for the construction and development of local constitutionalism in Xinjiang.
This paper holds that the practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China was going forward in tortuous and difficult conditions, which were influenced by many factors, such as the evolution of the relationship between the local and the central authorities in Xinjiang, the influence of the separatist warlords, the traditional concept of centralization, the interference and aggression of imperialism, regionalism, the political situation at home and abroad, and the national patriarchal clan. Among them, the most influential factors on the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang are the evolution of the relationship between the local authorities and the central authorities, the interference and aggression of imperialism, and the relationship between nationalities and religions.
This article is divided into the following sections.
In the introduction part, the author mainly discusses the topic selection and significance of the thesis, combs the current research trends in the academic circles at home and abroad, and introduces the research path and text structure of the thesis on the whole.
The first chapter introduces the background of the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. As a frontier province in China, all kinds of crises and social changes in response to crises are the origin of the constitutionalization of Xinjiang's local politics. The different ethnic groups lead to a more complicated situation than the mainland, and bring more obstacles and restrictive factors to the modernization of Xinjiang and the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang.
The second chapter introduces the evolution of the relationship between the central and the local governments in Xinjiang as a special province. Throughout the period of the Republic of China, no matter how the political situation of Xinjiang changed, the relationship between Xinjiang and the central government was close or distant, but Xinjiang was always an inseparable part of China, which was the final choice of history and people in the vicissitude of the relationship between Xinjiang and the central government for thousands of years.
The third chapter introduces the theoretical basis of the constitutionalization of Xinjiang's local politics.During this period, the central government's authority, the decline of its strength, the constant interference and aggression of imperialist forces made the solution of ethnic and religious problems more complex, difficult and frontier crises.The advanced Chinese represented by the Kuomintang and the Communist Party carried out the work. All kinds of beneficial theoretical exploration and practice, these ideas and practical experience, to solve Xinjiang's ethnic and religious problems in the Republic of China and Xinjiang eventually embarked on the direction of democratic politics have had an important impact.
In the fourth chapter, the tortuous course of Xinjiang's local political constitutionalization is summarized. Firstly, it is pointed out that the outbreak and victory of Xinhai Revolution in Yili, Xinjiang is a symbolic event of Xinjiang's political constitutionalization in the Republic of China, which has a far-reaching significance to the practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang. Secondly, Yang Zengxin, an old bureaucrat, stole the achievements of the revolution and established warlords. The development of local political constitutionalism in Xinjiang was seriously hindered by autocratic rule. However, the wheel of history was irreversible. In order to maintain their rule, successive warlords had to implement some improvement measures which were helpful to the development of local political democratization. The regional regime established a coalition government of ethnic minorities participating in politics and deliberation, which laid the foundation for Xinjiang to move towards the constitutional road of local politics with the equality of all ethnic groups, autonomy and democratic political rights enjoyed by ethnic minorities as its content. It was not until 1949 that the political constitutionalization of Xinjiang was greatly developed after the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang.
The fifth chapter discusses the various political forces that influenced the practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China, including the interference and control of the Gelao Church, the Kuomintang, the Communist Party and foreign forces, which either promoted the spread of ideas of equality, autonomy and democracy, or hindered and interfered in the modernization of local politics and the construction of the rule of law in Xinjiang. The influence of local politics on constitutionalism has been great or small.
Chapter Six examines the practice of the Constitution of the Republic of China in Xinjiang. Through the analysis of a series of original archives, the author perceives the progress of the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang from the microcosmic point of view, and how the various measures reflecting the thought of local political democratization at that time worked in reality. What are the results of these measures and the local politics of Xinjiang? The impact of the trend and so on.
Chapter 7 summarizes and evaluates the characteristics and influencing factors of the local practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang in the period of the Republic of China.
The conclusion part is based on the summary of the experience and lessons of the Constitution of the Republic of China in the implementation of Xinjiang, put forward the direction of the current local constitutional government in Xinjiang, that is, within the framework of the Constitution to build a new legal governance model of national unity, local rule of law, national autonomy complement and harmony.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K258
本文編號(hào)：2206112
[Abstract]:Xinjiang has been the western frontier of China since ancient times. It is an important frontier defense area with multi-ethnic and multi-religious coexistence, where Eastern and western nationalities and cultures meet. Compared with other frontiers, it has more particularity and importance. Xinjiang accounts for one sixth of the total land area of China, one quarter of the total length of the border line, and it covers a lot of extremely heavy things for the country. The key factors are as follows: the western frontier, inhabited by minority nationalities, abundant resources and vast territory, so the implementation and deepening of the modernization of the legal system has an unusual multiple significance. Especially after the "7.5" incident in Xinjiang, the study on the application of the Constitution in Xinjiang is not only of profound academic significance, but also of great urgency in practice. Therefore, it is necessary to study predecessors'experience in maintaining the stability and security of the border areas, grasp the characteristics of Xinjiang's modern politics, deepen our understanding of Xinjiang's particularity, better implement the local constitutional arrangements for regional ethnic autonomy, speed up the legislative activities in Xinjiang's ethnic areas, promote the legalization of border governance, and safeguard the state. The stability of the border area has important practical significance.
This paper mainly studies the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang during the period from 1912 to 1949 when Xinjiang was moving from traditional society to modernization. It sorts out, summarizes and evaluates the trend of the local political constitutionalization in Xinjiang and the various factors affecting its development in the period of the Republic of China. On this basis, it tries to sum up the constitutional rights of the Republic of China. Finally, on the basis of summing up the historical experience, we can get the important enlightenment for the construction and development of local constitutionalism in Xinjiang.
This paper holds that the practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China was going forward in tortuous and difficult conditions, which were influenced by many factors, such as the evolution of the relationship between the local and the central authorities in Xinjiang, the influence of the separatist warlords, the traditional concept of centralization, the interference and aggression of imperialism, regionalism, the political situation at home and abroad, and the national patriarchal clan. Among them, the most influential factors on the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang are the evolution of the relationship between the local authorities and the central authorities, the interference and aggression of imperialism, and the relationship between nationalities and religions.
This article is divided into the following sections.
In the introduction part, the author mainly discusses the topic selection and significance of the thesis, combs the current research trends in the academic circles at home and abroad, and introduces the research path and text structure of the thesis on the whole.
The first chapter introduces the background of the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. As a frontier province in China, all kinds of crises and social changes in response to crises are the origin of the constitutionalization of Xinjiang's local politics. The different ethnic groups lead to a more complicated situation than the mainland, and bring more obstacles and restrictive factors to the modernization of Xinjiang and the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang.
The second chapter introduces the evolution of the relationship between the central and the local governments in Xinjiang as a special province. Throughout the period of the Republic of China, no matter how the political situation of Xinjiang changed, the relationship between Xinjiang and the central government was close or distant, but Xinjiang was always an inseparable part of China, which was the final choice of history and people in the vicissitude of the relationship between Xinjiang and the central government for thousands of years.
The third chapter introduces the theoretical basis of the constitutionalization of Xinjiang's local politics.During this period, the central government's authority, the decline of its strength, the constant interference and aggression of imperialist forces made the solution of ethnic and religious problems more complex, difficult and frontier crises.The advanced Chinese represented by the Kuomintang and the Communist Party carried out the work. All kinds of beneficial theoretical exploration and practice, these ideas and practical experience, to solve Xinjiang's ethnic and religious problems in the Republic of China and Xinjiang eventually embarked on the direction of democratic politics have had an important impact.
In the fourth chapter, the tortuous course of Xinjiang's local political constitutionalization is summarized. Firstly, it is pointed out that the outbreak and victory of Xinhai Revolution in Yili, Xinjiang is a symbolic event of Xinjiang's political constitutionalization in the Republic of China, which has a far-reaching significance to the practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang. Secondly, Yang Zengxin, an old bureaucrat, stole the achievements of the revolution and established warlords. The development of local political constitutionalism in Xinjiang was seriously hindered by autocratic rule. However, the wheel of history was irreversible. In order to maintain their rule, successive warlords had to implement some improvement measures which were helpful to the development of local political democratization. The regional regime established a coalition government of ethnic minorities participating in politics and deliberation, which laid the foundation for Xinjiang to move towards the constitutional road of local politics with the equality of all ethnic groups, autonomy and democratic political rights enjoyed by ethnic minorities as its content. It was not until 1949 that the political constitutionalization of Xinjiang was greatly developed after the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang.
The fifth chapter discusses the various political forces that influenced the practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China, including the interference and control of the Gelao Church, the Kuomintang, the Communist Party and foreign forces, which either promoted the spread of ideas of equality, autonomy and democracy, or hindered and interfered in the modernization of local politics and the construction of the rule of law in Xinjiang. The influence of local politics on constitutionalism has been great or small.
Chapter Six examines the practice of the Constitution of the Republic of China in Xinjiang. Through the analysis of a series of original archives, the author perceives the progress of the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang from the microcosmic point of view, and how the various measures reflecting the thought of local political democratization at that time worked in reality. What are the results of these measures and the local politics of Xinjiang? The impact of the trend and so on.
Chapter 7 summarizes and evaluates the characteristics and influencing factors of the local practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang in the period of the Republic of China.
The conclusion part is based on the summary of the experience and lessons of the Constitution of the Republic of China in the implementation of Xinjiang, put forward the direction of the current local constitutional government in Xinjiang, that is, within the framework of the Constitution to build a new legal governance model of national unity, local rule of law, national autonomy complement and harmony.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K258
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