本文選題：晚清 + 胥吏�。� 參考：《史學(xué)月刊》2017年02期

【摘要】：胥吏問題是晚清吏治中的頑癥。為數(shù)眾多的各類胥吏,利用官場信息牟利,利用權(quán)力縫隙進(jìn)行權(quán)錢交易,敲詐百姓,貪贓枉法,嚴(yán)重地影響了中央各部門與地方政府的行政效率,敗壞了官府的形象。這一問題的產(chǎn)生,表層原因是胥吏素質(zhì)低下,直接面對廣大民眾,實際上掌握了很大權(quán)力;制度層面原因,在于政府官員不熟悉業(yè)務(wù);各色地方官因回避本籍,不熟悉所治地方風(fēng)土民情;官場機(jī)構(gòu)疊床架屋,多方牽制,效率低下。更宏觀原因,在于其時官制設(shè)計過度地堵塞了胥吏階層的升遷通道,缺失了對這一階層的激勵機(jī)制,從而在官僚制度的最底層,留下了普遍性的漏洞。馮桂芬、鄭觀應(yīng)、陳熾等人,提出過許多改造胥吏的思想,諸如改變胥吏結(jié)構(gòu),提高胥吏素質(zhì);刪削、精簡則例,以杜舞弊之門;免除回避舊規(guī),減少舞弊機(jī)會;優(yōu)給工食,量予出身。清政府也在改造胥吏方面進(jìn)行了一些實際的努力,但直到清朝覆亡,這一問題也沒能徹底解決。
[Abstract]:The problem of petty officials was a stubborn disease in the late Qing Dynasty. A large number of petty officials, using official information for profit, using the power gap to trade power and money, extort the people, corrupt the law, seriously affected the administrative efficiency of the central departments and local governments, and damaged the image of the government. The superficial reason for this problem was the low quality of the petty officials, who directly faced the masses of the people, and in fact possessed a great deal of power; the institutional level was caused by the fact that the government officials were not familiar with the business, and the local officials of all kinds avoided their native nationality. Not familiar with the local customs and conditions; bureaucratic institutions stacked, multi-restraint, inefficient. The more macroscopic reason lies in the fact that the official system design has blocked the promotion channel of the petty officials and lost the incentive mechanism for this stratum, thus leaving a universal loophole at the bottom of the bureaucratic system. Feng Guifen, Zheng Guanying, Chen Chi, and others, have put forward many ideas for reforming petty officials, such as changing the structure of petty officials and improving the quality of petty officials; deleting and streamlining the rules of law, and using the door of du fraud; eliminating the old rules and reducing opportunities for fraud; and providing workers with better food. Measure one's birth. The Qing government also made some practical efforts to reform the petty officials, but this problem was not solved completely until the Qing Dynasty collapsed.
【作者單位】： 復(fù)旦大學(xué);上海社會科學(xué)院;
【分類號】：K252

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