本文選題：張其昀　切入點(diǎn)：國(guó)防　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：清末以降,救時(shí)救亡成為中華民族的中心課題。國(guó)難當(dāng)前,知識(shí)分子“讀書(shū)不忘救國(guó)”,“學(xué)人言政”成為時(shí)代潮流,生逢其時(shí),張其昀也不例外。 在“九一八”國(guó)難之后,“熱河之戰(zhàn)”、“淞滬慘案”等民族災(zāi)難接踵而至,中國(guó)領(lǐng)土一喪再喪,東北、華北、華東等領(lǐng)土先后為日本所占據(jù),國(guó)家主權(quán)與日俱損,國(guó)民政府被迫遷至重慶。面對(duì)侵略,中國(guó)軍隊(duì)“腐敗不堪”,節(jié)節(jié)敗退,國(guó)防陷于“破產(chǎn)”。 為抗戰(zhàn)救亡,張其昀發(fā)表了大量國(guó)防建設(shè)言論,以此為基礎(chǔ),本文主要探討其國(guó)防建設(shè)思想產(chǎn)生的背景以及國(guó)防觀念、國(guó)防計(jì)劃、國(guó)防教育三個(gè)層面的具體內(nèi)容。 張其昀國(guó)防建設(shè)思想的產(chǎn)生,植根于晚清以來(lái)國(guó)難日重的時(shí)代背景,又受到了浙東學(xué)派“經(jīng)世致用”學(xué)統(tǒng)的影響。此外,良好的家庭教育以及學(xué)校教育都對(duì)他國(guó)防建設(shè)思想的形成起到了很大的推動(dòng)作用。 在國(guó)防觀念層面,張其昀認(rèn)為,中國(guó)軍民“分為二橛”,國(guó)防已達(dá)到破產(chǎn)的地步。為掃除時(shí)弊,他號(hào)召國(guó)人重振士氣,樹(shù)立“國(guó)防中心”的觀念,建設(shè)“真正的國(guó)防”。具體來(lái)說(shuō),就是要國(guó)人以國(guó)防為“衡量一切的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,變“軍隊(duì)的國(guó)防”為“全民的國(guó)防”,實(shí)行全民抗戰(zhàn)。全民抗戰(zhàn)并非是要國(guó)人只做意氣的抗?fàn)?而是要國(guó)人在充分認(rèn)識(shí)國(guó)防根本問(wèn)題的基礎(chǔ)上做理性抗戰(zhàn)。他認(rèn)為國(guó)防的根本問(wèn)題有“民心”、“學(xué)力”、“府庫(kù)”、“統(tǒng)帥”四項(xiàng)。 在認(rèn)清了國(guó)防的根本問(wèn)題之后,還要在實(shí)事求是的基礎(chǔ)上作“三軍主義與五權(quán)國(guó)防”的國(guó)防計(jì)劃。“三軍主義”是針對(duì)國(guó)防建設(shè)過(guò)分偏重陸軍的弊端而提出的,他認(rèn)為陸軍、海軍、空軍應(yīng)當(dāng)兼顧并重,協(xié)同發(fā)展,是謂“三軍主義”。要實(shí)行“三軍主義”,必須要有軍事機(jī)械(兵器)與軍事堡壘(軍港、要塞)的匹配發(fā)展來(lái)奠定基礎(chǔ)。因此,要發(fā)展三軍主義,必須要建設(shè)“五權(quán)國(guó)防”。 在“五權(quán)國(guó)防”當(dāng)中,“機(jī)械”一項(xiàng)至關(guān)重要。要實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)防“機(jī)械化”,非建設(shè)“新式的國(guó)防”不可。所謂“新式的國(guó)防”,就是改變國(guó)防建設(shè)思路,從以往注重軍隊(duì)“量”的擴(kuò)展,轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樽⒅剀妭洹百|(zhì)”的提高。具體來(lái)說(shuō),就是要實(shí)行“摩托化”,大力發(fā)展以潛水艇、飛機(jī)、坦克車(chē)為重點(diǎn)的“摩托戰(zhàn)具”。至于軍事堡壘的建設(shè),要以“象山港”為中心建造海上據(jù)點(diǎn),以“衢地”為中心,建設(shè)陸上“生命點(diǎn)”。 張其昀認(rèn)為“教育可以促進(jìn)國(guó)防”,國(guó)防計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行也離不開(kāi)教育。因此,他提出教育必須“適合國(guó)防建設(shè)需要”的主張。結(jié)合教育自身的特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律,他將國(guó)防教育的目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容、原則等闡發(fā)為“國(guó)計(jì)論”、“民生論”、“年序論”、“環(huán)境論”四論。針對(duì)在校青年的國(guó)防教育,他提出要特別注重精神層面的“國(guó)魂”、“軍人魂”教育。“國(guó)魂”是指“孔學(xué)”為中心的儒家文化,“軍人魂”是指古代兵家提倡的“智”、“仁”、“勇”、“信”、“嚴(yán)’’五種德行。 現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不只是戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)外的較量對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝負(fù)也有著重要的影響。國(guó)防經(jīng)濟(jì)的建設(shè)、民族精神的再造、軍官的培養(yǎng)等戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)外的因素也統(tǒng)統(tǒng)被張其昀納入到國(guó)防視野之內(nèi)。 張其昀的國(guó)防建設(shè)思想極具史地學(xué)色彩,從價(jià)值判斷上來(lái)看,既有真知灼見(jiàn),也有書(shū)生言政的不切實(shí)際的理想主義成分。
[Abstract]:At the end of the Qing Dynasty , saving time and saving became the central task of the Chinese nation . At present , the intellectuals " don ' t forget to save the country " , the " school people speak good " became the trend of the times , and when they were born , Zhang Yun was no exception .


After the " Jiuyi Eight " national disaster , the " hot river war " , " Songhu tragedy " and other ethnic disasters have followed , the Chinese territory has lost again , the Northeast , North China , East China and other territories have been occupied by Japan , the national sovereignty and the daily loss , the national government has been forced to move to Chongqing . In the face of the aggression , the Chinese army is " corrupt " , the festival is defeated , the national defense is trapped in " bankruptcy " .


In order to save the war , Zhang Qiyun published a great deal of national defense construction . This paper mainly discusses the background of the thought of national defense construction and the concrete contents of the three aspects of national defense concept , national defense plan and national defense education .


Zhang Qiyun ' s thought of national defense construction is rooted in the background of the times and the influence of the school of the east of Zhejiang . In addition , good family education and school education have played a great role in the formation of his thought of defense construction .


In the view of the concept of national defense , Zhang Qiyun believes that the Chinese military and the people are divided into " two parts " and the national defense has reached the point of bankruptcy . In order to wipe out the pros and cons , he calls on the Chinese people to re - shake the morale and build up the " real defense " . In particular , it is necessary for the Chinese people to make rational and anti - war on the basis of national defense as the " measure of all standards " and " national defense of the army " . He believes that the fundamental problem of national defense is " people heart " , " school strength " , " treasury " and " commander " four .


After recognizing the fundamental problem of national defense , it is necessary to make a national defense plan on the basis of seeking truth from facts .


In the " Five Rights National Defense " , " machinery " is very important . In order to realize the " mechanization " of national defense , the " new national defense " cannot be constructed . The so - called " new national defense " is to change the thought of national defense construction . It is to change the concept of " new type of defense " . In particular , it is necessary to carry out " motorized " to develop the " motorcycle fighting tool " focusing on the submarine , airplane and tank .


Zhang Yun thinks that " education can promote national defense " and the implementation of national defense plan cannot be separated from education . Therefore , he puts forward that education must be " suitable for national defense construction needs " . In combination with the characteristics and laws of education itself , he puts forward the goal , content and principle of national defense education as " national plan theory " , " folk life theory " , " annual sequence theory " and " environment theory " . The modern war is not only the war on the battlefield , but the battle outside the battlefield has an important influence on the victory of the war . The construction of the national defense economy , the reconstruction of the national spirit and the cultivation of the officers are also integrated into the field of national defense . Zhang Qiyun ' s thought of national defense construction has a history of historical science . From the value judgment , it has not only the knowledge of knowledge , but also the unrealistic idealist component of the scholar ' s oral administration .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：E25;K265

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 何方昱;“科學(xué)時(shí)代的人文主義”:《思想與時(shí)代》月刊（1941—1948）研究[D];復(fù)旦大學(xué);2006年

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本文編號(hào)：1675526