本文選題：晚清　切入點(diǎn)：民初　出處：《山東師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：清末民初時(shí)期的中國(guó)是一個(gè)多災(zāi)多難的國(guó)家。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，中國(guó)社會(huì)進(jìn)入半殖民地半封建社會(huì)。中國(guó)自給自足的封建經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速瓦解，資本主義勢(shì)力進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)，大量物美價(jià)廉的西方商品嚴(yán)重沖擊了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的小農(nóng)商品，大批小手工業(yè)者破產(chǎn)，被迫走出國(guó)門。而當(dāng)時(shí)的山東人民由于戰(zhàn)亂失去賴以生存的土地，連年的自然災(zāi)害、嚴(yán)重的匪患以及人口膨脹造成的人口土地失衡更讓山東人雪上加霜。老百姓生活極度貧困，痛苦不堪。山東人被迫遠(yuǎn)離家鄉(xiāng)，出國(guó)謀生。他們有的是做苦力、有的是經(jīng)商、有的是留學(xué)，雖然選擇的道路不同，但是他們?cè)趪?guó)外的境遇卻都與祖國(guó)的政策、國(guó)力息息相關(guān)。由于地理優(yōu)勢(shì)，韓國(guó)、朝鮮、日本是山東人民自愿出國(guó)的理想之地，他們到達(dá)異國(guó)之后，憑借著他們的勤勞和勇敢從零工、伙計(jì)做起，開(kāi)設(shè)商號(hào)、飯鋪、綢緞莊等，不僅解決了自身的生活問(wèn)題，還依據(jù)他們團(tuán)結(jié)合作的精神為其他華僑爭(zhēng)取利益，在當(dāng)?shù)匦纬闪藦?qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力。因此，本文重點(diǎn)在是清末民初的歷史大背景下，介紹山東籍僑民在日本、朝鮮、俄國(guó)、美國(guó)以及南洋的具體生活，以及他們不同的生活命運(yùn)。 本文主要是通過(guò)以下幾個(gè)方面展開(kāi)論述： 第一章為清末民初時(shí)期的華僑政策。一個(gè)國(guó)家的僑民狀況往往與這個(gè)國(guó)家的僑民政策密不可分，它關(guān)系著僑民在外的境遇、受尊重程度甚至生命安全程度。因此，在第一章中筆者盡可能詳細(xì)的介紹了清末民初的華僑政策及其變化，以便更好的理解海外僑民境遇的變化；第二章為晚清時(shí)期的山東籍僑民。該章具體的介紹了晚清時(shí)期山東籍華僑在朝鮮、日本、南非、俄國(guó)等國(guó)國(guó)家的具體情況，包括當(dāng)時(shí)他們所從事的工種、待遇、具體人數(shù)以及發(fā)展?fàn)顩r等；第三章則為民國(guó)時(shí)期的山東籍僑民。同樣包括了日本、朝鮮的山東籍華工、留學(xué)生以及華商。但該章重點(diǎn)論述了一戰(zhàn)時(shí)期山東籍華工在歐洲的具體生活，包括它在山東的招募情況、在法工作情形、華工的待遇與工作以及華工為世界做出的貢獻(xiàn)。另外，在文章的最后，筆者還附注了兩篇附錄，一篇為當(dāng)時(shí)人描寫山東華工的文章，，一篇?jiǎng)t為山東籍華工在歐戰(zhàn)犧牲人的姓名，借此紀(jì)念那些在歐戰(zhàn)中為世界和平作出貢獻(xiàn)的普通山東人。 縱觀清末民初時(shí)期的山東籍華僑，無(wú)論是華商、留學(xué)生還是華工，也無(wú)論是他們?cè)谑澜绲哪膫�(gè)國(guó)家，都以勤勞、勇敢、誠(chéng)信、好學(xué)贏得了世界的尊重。他們也許是由于生活所迫遠(yuǎn)離家鄉(xiāng)、也許是因?yàn)樽非蟾玫纳畋几爱悋?guó)，但他們身上所體現(xiàn)的都是中華民族的精神，他們給所在國(guó)帶去的不僅僅是物質(zhì)上的繁榮，更有精神上的給養(yǎng)。山東籍華僑還有著濃厚的愛(ài)國(guó)情結(jié)，他們?cè)谕獯蚱闯鲆黄斓刂笸鶗?huì)回國(guó)投資開(kāi)設(shè)工廠，引進(jìn)先進(jìn)設(shè)備與技術(shù)，對(duì)山東近代化建設(shè)做出了重要的貢獻(xiàn)。他們是勤勞勇敢的代表，是中華民族精神的代表。他們永遠(yuǎn)都應(yīng)受到世人的尊敬。
[Abstract]:After the Opium War, Chinese society entered a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. China's self-sufficient feudal economy rapidly collapsed and capitalist forces entered the Chinese market. A large number of high-quality and cheap Western commodities have seriously impacted on the traditional Chinese small farmers' commodities, and a large number of small craftsmen went bankrupt and were forced to go out of the country. At that time, the people of Shandong lost the land on which they depended for survival because of the war, and suffered from natural disasters for years. The serious banditry and the population and land imbalance caused by the population expansion made the people of Shandong even worse. The ordinary people lived in extreme poverty and suffering. The Shandong people were forced to leave their hometown and go abroad to earn a living. Some of them did hard work and some did business. Some of them study abroad. Although they choose different paths, their circumstances abroad are closely related to the policies of the motherland and their national strength. Because of their geographical advantages, South Korea, Korea, and Japan are ideal places for the people of Shandong to voluntarily go abroad. After they arrived in a foreign country, relying on their industriousness and bravery, starting from odd jobs, fellas, opening shops, rice shops, silk shops, etc., they not only solved their own living problems, but also fought for the interests of other overseas Chinese in accordance with their spirit of unity and cooperation. Therefore, this paper focuses on the historical background of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, introducing the specific life of Shandong expatriates in Japan, Korea, Russia, the United States and the South Ocean, as well as their different life destinies. This paper is mainly through the following aspects of the discussion:. The first chapter is the overseas Chinese policy in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. The expatriate status of a country is often closely related to the expatriate policy of this country, which relates to the situation of the diaspora, the degree of respect and even the degree of safety of life. In the first chapter, the author introduces the overseas Chinese policy and its changes in the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China in order to better understand the changes of the situation of overseas Chinese. The second chapter is the Shandong diaspora in the late Qing Dynasty. This chapter specifically introduces the specific situation of Shandong overseas Chinese in Korea, Japan, South Africa, Russia and other countries during the late Qing Dynasty, including the types of work they were engaged in and their treatment. The number of people and the status of their development. Chapter three is the Shandong diaspora during the Republic of China. It also includes Chinese workers from Shandong in Japan and Korea. However, this chapter focuses on the specific life of Shandong Chinese workers in Europe during the first World War, including its recruitment in Shandong, its work in France, the treatment and work of Chinese workers, and the contributions made by Chinese workers to the world. At the end of the article, the author also appended two appendices, one about the description of Shandong Chinese workers at that time and the other about the names of those who died in the war in Europe. In memory of those who contributed to world peace in the European War ordinary Shandong people. Throughout the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Shandong overseas Chinese, whether they were Chinese businessmen, overseas students or Chinese workers, and no matter what country they were in in the world, were hardworking, brave and honest. They may be forced by life to leave their hometown, perhaps because of the pursuit of a better life to go to a foreign country, but what they embody is the spirit of the Chinese nation. What they bring to the host country is not only material prosperity, but also spiritual support. The overseas Chinese from Shandong also have a strong patriotic complex. They often return to China to invest in the establishment of factories after they have fought in a field. The introduction of advanced equipment and technology has made an important contribution to the modernization of Shandong. They are hardworking and brave representatives and representatives of the spirit of the Chinese nation. They should always be respected by the world.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K251;D634

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