金元時期的轉(zhuǎn)運司
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-11 07:56
【摘要】： 轉(zhuǎn)運司是我國古代主要負責(zé)國家財賦征收及運轉(zhuǎn)的政治機構(gòu),其雛形為唐代建立的差譴使職——轉(zhuǎn)運使。轉(zhuǎn)運司始建于五代,其權(quán)力在宋朝時達到頂峰,不僅負責(zé)地方財賦管理,而且成為地方一級行政機構(gòu),兼具監(jiān)察百官的職責(zé)。女真族入主中原建立金朝后,在政治、經(jīng)濟管理上更多地襲用了遼、宋制度,轉(zhuǎn)運司的建制也不例外,但在權(quán)力范圍上比之宋朝,已大為縮減。蒙古國滅金后,在中原的經(jīng)濟統(tǒng)治,經(jīng)歷了由課稅所向轉(zhuǎn)運司轉(zhuǎn)變的過程。但在元朝初期,轉(zhuǎn)運司制度則發(fā)生了巨大的轉(zhuǎn)變,由最初的全國性的財政機構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹回撠?zé)鹽、茶稅收的經(jīng)濟機構(gòu),且直到明、清時期,亦未再恢復(fù)到原來的建制。有學(xué)者指出,“社會中的政治體制是為了人的政治生活的需要而形成,政治體制的運行以及變遷是通過有關(guān)的政治群體、政治組織機構(gòu)以及政治角色的政治活動及其變遷所體現(xiàn)出來的�！北疚闹髦技匆ㄟ^轉(zhuǎn)運司這一政治組織機構(gòu)的變遷,來考察金元時期政治體制的運行軌跡,及統(tǒng)治者在社會變革中對政治制度的選擇過程,并力圖籍這一變革來探討民族關(guān)系、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展等對政治制度的影響,以及政治制度之間相互作用的關(guān)系。 文章主體分為三部分。第一部分為建制篇,主要分析金元轉(zhuǎn)運司制度的確立過程。通過金元轉(zhuǎn)運司制度確立過程的比較可以看出,轉(zhuǎn)運司的數(shù)量增多,規(guī)模變小,穩(wěn)定性變差。第二部分為職能篇,分析了金元轉(zhuǎn)運司的職能,在從金到元的發(fā)展過程中,轉(zhuǎn)運司的行政職能消失,經(jīng)濟權(quán)力縮小。第三部分為人物篇,通過對金元轉(zhuǎn)運司官員任職情況的分析,可以看出元朝轉(zhuǎn)運司官員與金朝的區(qū)別主要在于,轉(zhuǎn)運使數(shù)量增加,權(quán)力行使受到牽制;運司官員出身出現(xiàn)民族偏見,導(dǎo)致其整體素質(zhì)下降。 從轉(zhuǎn)運司制度最后變遷的結(jié)果看,元世祖朝以后,轉(zhuǎn)運司機構(gòu)并沒有完全被撤罷,仍然保留有稅額較大的鹽、茶轉(zhuǎn)運司機構(gòu),其管理體制較前亦無多大變動。這是制度發(fā)展過程中必然會出現(xiàn)的一種“路徑依賴”現(xiàn)象,從經(jīng)濟學(xué)的角度看,這種優(yōu)勝劣汰后的制度顯然更能符合當(dāng)時社會發(fā)展的需要。轉(zhuǎn)運司制度在元初發(fā)生這一重大變化的原因,主要有技術(shù)進步,新制度建立(行省),市場規(guī)模變化,大規(guī)模戰(zhàn)爭的停止等因素。
[Abstract]:The transshipment department is the political organization mainly in charge of the collection and operation of the national financial duties in ancient China, and its embryonic form is the post of misdemeanor-transshipment envoy established in the Tang Dynasty. The transshipment department was founded in the five dynasties, and its power reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. It was not only responsible for the management of local property, but also became a local administrative organ with the responsibility of supervising the hundred officials. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains, the Nu Zhen nationality used the Liao and Song systems more in politics and economic management, and the system of transportation department was no exception, but its power was much reduced compared with that of the Song Dynasty. After Mongolia extinguished gold, the economic rule in the Central Plains underwent a transition from taxable to transshipment. However, in the early Yuan Dynasty, the transshipment system changed greatly, from the national financial institution to the economic institution responsible for salt and tea tax, and it was not restored to the original system until the Ming and Qing dynasties. Some scholars have pointed out that "the political system in society is formed for the needs of people's political life, and the operation and changes of the political system are made through the relevant political groups." The political activities of political organizations and political roles and their changes. " The purpose of this paper is to investigate the movement of political system in Jin and Yuan dynasties, and the choice process of political system in the process of social change through the change of political organization and organization, and to explore the ethnic relations by means of this transformation. The influence of economic development on political system and the relationship between political system and political system. The main body of the article is divided into three parts. The first part is the establishment of the system, mainly analyzes the establishment of the gold-yuan transshipment system process. Through the comparison of the establishment process of the system, it can be seen that the number of the Division increases, the scale becomes smaller and the stability becomes worse. The second part is the functional part, which analyzes the function of Jinyuan transshipment department. In the process of development from Jin to Yuan, the administrative function of transshipment department disappears and the economic power shrinks. The third part is the personage chapter, through the analysis of the position of the officials of the transfer Department of Jin and Yuan Dynasty, we can see that the difference between the officials of the transfer Department of the Yuan Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty lies in the increase of the quantity of transshipment and the restriction of the exercise of power. The official origin of the Department of Transportation appeared national prejudice, resulting in its overall quality decline. From the result of the final change of the transshipment department system, after the Yuan Shizu dynasty, the transshipment department organization was not completely removed, and still retained the salt with higher tax value, and the management system of the tea transshipment department was not much changed compared with the previous one. This is an inevitable "path dependence" phenomenon in the process of institutional development. From the point of view of economics, the system after the survival of the fittest obviously meets the needs of social development at that time. The main reasons for this great change in the early Yuan Dynasty are technological progress, establishment of new system, change of market scale, cessation of large-scale war, and so on.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K247;K246
本文編號：2236081
[Abstract]:The transshipment department is the political organization mainly in charge of the collection and operation of the national financial duties in ancient China, and its embryonic form is the post of misdemeanor-transshipment envoy established in the Tang Dynasty. The transshipment department was founded in the five dynasties, and its power reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. It was not only responsible for the management of local property, but also became a local administrative organ with the responsibility of supervising the hundred officials. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains, the Nu Zhen nationality used the Liao and Song systems more in politics and economic management, and the system of transportation department was no exception, but its power was much reduced compared with that of the Song Dynasty. After Mongolia extinguished gold, the economic rule in the Central Plains underwent a transition from taxable to transshipment. However, in the early Yuan Dynasty, the transshipment system changed greatly, from the national financial institution to the economic institution responsible for salt and tea tax, and it was not restored to the original system until the Ming and Qing dynasties. Some scholars have pointed out that "the political system in society is formed for the needs of people's political life, and the operation and changes of the political system are made through the relevant political groups." The political activities of political organizations and political roles and their changes. " The purpose of this paper is to investigate the movement of political system in Jin and Yuan dynasties, and the choice process of political system in the process of social change through the change of political organization and organization, and to explore the ethnic relations by means of this transformation. The influence of economic development on political system and the relationship between political system and political system. The main body of the article is divided into three parts. The first part is the establishment of the system, mainly analyzes the establishment of the gold-yuan transshipment system process. Through the comparison of the establishment process of the system, it can be seen that the number of the Division increases, the scale becomes smaller and the stability becomes worse. The second part is the functional part, which analyzes the function of Jinyuan transshipment department. In the process of development from Jin to Yuan, the administrative function of transshipment department disappears and the economic power shrinks. The third part is the personage chapter, through the analysis of the position of the officials of the transfer Department of Jin and Yuan Dynasty, we can see that the difference between the officials of the transfer Department of the Yuan Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty lies in the increase of the quantity of transshipment and the restriction of the exercise of power. The official origin of the Department of Transportation appeared national prejudice, resulting in its overall quality decline. From the result of the final change of the transshipment department system, after the Yuan Shizu dynasty, the transshipment department organization was not completely removed, and still retained the salt with higher tax value, and the management system of the tea transshipment department was not much changed compared with the previous one. This is an inevitable "path dependence" phenomenon in the process of institutional development. From the point of view of economics, the system after the survival of the fittest obviously meets the needs of social development at that time. The main reasons for this great change in the early Yuan Dynasty are technological progress, establishment of new system, change of market scale, cessation of large-scale war, and so on.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K247;K246
【引證文獻】
相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前3條
1 叢海平;元代軍事后勤制度研究[D];南開大學(xué);2010年
2 金寶麗;蒙古滅金史事研究[D];中央民族大學(xué);2011年
3 解丹;金長城軍事防御體系及其空間規(guī)劃布局研究[D];天津大學(xué);2012年
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