明代湖廣地區(qū)城池修筑研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-29 14:19
【摘要】：元末明初之際,朱元璋率部攻滅陳友諒、進(jìn)取湖廣各地的過(guò)程中,各府、州級(jí)中心城治、邊遠(yuǎn)“苗患”及寇亂地區(qū)率皆設(shè)立衛(wèi)所、筑城守御,輔以巡檢司等防御力量,這些加強(qiáng)地方軍事控制的活動(dòng)持續(xù)到洪武末年。洪武時(shí)期的修城以駐軍各地為主,以衛(wèi)所駐防為主、地方武裝為輔,以城池防御為主要形式的全省安全防御體系由此而初具規(guī)模。多重防御力量的障護(hù)之下,諸多腹里縣治安全無(wú)虞,因而多有不修治城防的情形。修城易于招致民怨,明太祖素以體恤民力為重,故而并未通令地方修城。 明中期以后,武備廢弛,城池失修,湖廣地區(qū)于此為甚。成化至正德間,流民、“苗蠻”等紛起作亂�？軄y威脅之下,各地率皆修城自保,并加強(qiáng)巡檢司、民壯等防御力量。嘉靖朝水災(zāi)頻發(fā),各處城池廣受其害而多有修城之舉。隆慶至萬(wàn)歷前期,朝廷著力整飭武備,湖廣各地修飭城防的活動(dòng)在省府上層推動(dòng)下廣而展開(kāi)�？芑纪{之下,各處城池的防御能力經(jīng)過(guò)歷次修城而逐步增強(qiáng),但不少偏安之地修城尤為遲緩。萬(wàn)歷中期以后,修城少有興舉,至崇禎年間,湖廣各地多有修城御寇之舉,但終難護(hù)衛(wèi)行將傾覆的大明江山。 明代湖廣各式城池規(guī)模、規(guī)制不等,可分為府州縣建制城池、苗區(qū)獨(dú)立衛(wèi)所城池與巡檢司、哨堡等小型駐防城三類(lèi),三者功能頗有不同。此外,也可分為土城和磚、石城兩類(lèi),明中期以后各地修筑磚、石城漸趨普及。地形環(huán)境等是制約城池規(guī)模的重要因素,軍士、商民人眾的聚居生息與日漸深重的寇盜威脅是各地增拓城池的主要?jiǎng)右?而便民、交通、風(fēng)水以及安全等方面的考慮是影響各地城門(mén)設(shè)置的主要因素。 各處城池實(shí)為以城墻為主體,輔以濠池、城門(mén)、城樓、雉堞、串樓、敵臺(tái)、窩鋪等附屬設(shè)施而構(gòu)成的城池防御體系。以水患為主的多種自然災(zāi)害對(duì)于城池多有危害,增強(qiáng)城池防洪排澇等防災(zāi)、抗災(zāi)的能力遂成為各地修城的重要內(nèi)容之一。作為重要的公共設(shè)施與城市外部環(huán)境的主要組成部分,城池及其局部常常被地方官、民從政治、民生、風(fēng)水、城市景觀等方面賦予了各種特殊的意義,并加以各式改造和利用,從而在防御功能之外兼具了其他多方面的特殊功能。 明代修城等工程的管理制度較為完備,朝廷、省府對(duì)于地方城工的管制頗為嚴(yán)密。湖廣各地明前期修城多以駐防官兵為主,使用民力不多；明中期以后,衛(wèi)所日漸衰頹,地方官府、民眾轉(zhuǎn)而成為承擔(dān)修城勞力、經(jīng)費(fèi)的主要力量。修城物料方面,磚瓦、石灰等多為開(kāi)窯燒制,木、石等材料多為人力開(kāi)采,反映了明代建筑材料的生產(chǎn)、流通尚欠發(fā)達(dá)的事實(shí)。修城經(jīng)費(fèi)或出于官,或取于民,籌措途徑多端,各地官府奏請(qǐng)留用贓罰銀漸為常例。明中期以后,湖廣各處城池維護(hù)不善頗為常見(jiàn),而尤以承平時(shí)期為甚。修城往往難免主事者侵漁錢(qián)糧、征派擾民、城工茍且粗劣等弊端；另一方面,修城需要官民通力協(xié)作,具有整合社會(huì)力量、維系官民關(guān)系、穩(wěn)定地方秩序等獨(dú)特功能。 終明之世,盡管各地修城活動(dòng)多有興舉,但多為迫于寇患威脅、上峰壓力不得已而為之,官民習(xí)于安逸、修城消極懈怠實(shí)為全國(guó)各地普遍的情形。不利的地形環(huán)境、官民財(cái)力匱乏、主事官員因循茍且、上級(jí)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)至為微薄,深受儒家思想影響的民情物議習(xí)于將修城視作勞民傷財(cái),凡此種種主觀、客觀方面的不利因素交相作用,構(gòu)成了制約各地修城活動(dòng)的重重障礙。 以城垣高度、敵臺(tái)建置等作為衡量標(biāo)尺,湖廣城池的防御能力明顯不及山西、東南沿海兩地,此為腹里之地、邊防要區(qū)在國(guó)家軍事防御格局中地位輕重殊異的反映。偏重近畿、北邊防御而輕于腹里、南方的格局之下,各地“邊費(fèi)”供輸繁巨,加劇了中央、地方的財(cái)政危機(jī)。湖廣各地賦役繁重、支應(yīng)浩繁的困境之下,地方公共事務(wù)率皆困頓茍且,而修城不積極亦為其中一端而已。
[Abstract]:At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang led his ministry to attack and destroy Chen Youlang. In the course of advancing into Huguang and other parts of the country, all prefectures, central cities at the state level, remote "Miao-dian" and rebellious areas set up sanctuaries, built city defenses, supplemented by patrol inspectors and other defensive forces. These activities to strengthen local military control continued until the end of Hongwu. The security defense system of the whole province, which is mainly based on the garrison, supplemented by local armed forces, and mainly in the form of city defense, has taken shape. Under the protection of multiple defense forces, many counties in the abdomen are safe and secure, so they often do not practise urban defense. The city construction is easy to cause resentment among the people, and the Ming Emperor Taizu emphasizes on sympathy for the people. The local repair city was not ordered.
After the mid-Ming Dynasty, the armed forces were abandoned and the city was out of repair. The Huguang area was even worse. Chenghua to Zhengde, refugees, "Miao Man" and other riots. Under the threat of the rebellion, all parts of the country built their own cities and strengthened the defensive forces such as inspectors and the people. Floods occurred frequently in the Jiajing Dynasty, and many of the cities were damaged by them. Under the threat of aggression, the defense capability of the various cities was gradually strengthened through successive redevelopments, but many of them were particularly slow. After the mid-Wanli period, the redevelopment of the city was seldom carried out. In the Chongzhen period, the redevelopment of the city was carried out in many parts of Huguang. But it will be difficult to protect the Daming mountains that will be overthrown.
Huguang in the Ming Dynasty has different sizes and regulations, which can be divided into three types: prefectural and county-built city, Miao independent sanctuary city and inspection department, sentry castle and other small garrison city. In addition, they can also be divided into earthen city and brick, stone city. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, brick construction around the city, stone city is becoming more and more popular. Important factors, sergeants, merchants and the growing threat of pirates are the main reasons for the expansion of the city, and convenience, transportation, geomantic omen and security considerations are the main factors affecting the gates.
The defense system of the city pools is composed of the city walls as the main body, the city gates, the city towers, the pheasant towers, the cascade towers, the enemy's platform, the nests and other ancillary facilities. Many natural disasters mainly caused by floods are harmful to the city pools. Strengthening the city's flood prevention and drainage and other disasters makes the ability to resist disasters an important part of the city construction. The important public facilities and the main components of the city's external environment, the city and its parts are often given special significance by local officials and people from the political, people's livelihood, geomantic omen, urban landscape and other aspects, and are transformed and utilized in various ways, thus having other special functions besides the defensive function.
In the early Ming Dynasty, most of Huguang's cities were built mainly by garrisoned officers and soldiers, but not by civilians; after the mid-Ming Dynasty, the sanctuary declined gradually, and the local government and the people became the main force to bear the labor and funds for the city's construction. Noodles, bricks and tiles, lime, etc. are mostly fired in kilns, wood and stone are mostly mined by manpower, reflecting the fact that the production and circulation of building materials in the Ming Dynasty were still undeveloped. On the other hand, the construction of a city requires the concerted efforts of the government and the people, which has the unique functions of integrating social forces, maintaining the relationship between the government and the people, and stabilizing local order.
In the end of the Ming Dynasty, although there were many activities to build cities, most of them were threatened by the aggressors, and the pressure was forced to do so. Officials and civilians were comfortable and slack in building cities, which was a common situation in all parts of the country. It is common practice for people to regard the city construction as labor and injury to their wealth. All these subjective and objective disadvantages interact with each other, which constitutes a serious obstacle to the city construction activities.
Taking the height of the city wall and the establishment of the enemy and Taiwan as the yardsticks, the defense capability of Huguang City Pool is obviously inferior to that of Shanxi and the southeast coastal areas. This is the hinterland. The important frontier defense areas have different status in the national military defense pattern. The financial crisis of the central and local governments was aggravated. Under the predicament of heavy taxation and numerous support, the local public affairs were all in a dilemma, and the inactive construction of the city was just one end of it.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K248
本文編號(hào)：2211458
[Abstract]:At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang led his ministry to attack and destroy Chen Youlang. In the course of advancing into Huguang and other parts of the country, all prefectures, central cities at the state level, remote "Miao-dian" and rebellious areas set up sanctuaries, built city defenses, supplemented by patrol inspectors and other defensive forces. These activities to strengthen local military control continued until the end of Hongwu. The security defense system of the whole province, which is mainly based on the garrison, supplemented by local armed forces, and mainly in the form of city defense, has taken shape. Under the protection of multiple defense forces, many counties in the abdomen are safe and secure, so they often do not practise urban defense. The city construction is easy to cause resentment among the people, and the Ming Emperor Taizu emphasizes on sympathy for the people. The local repair city was not ordered.
After the mid-Ming Dynasty, the armed forces were abandoned and the city was out of repair. The Huguang area was even worse. Chenghua to Zhengde, refugees, "Miao Man" and other riots. Under the threat of the rebellion, all parts of the country built their own cities and strengthened the defensive forces such as inspectors and the people. Floods occurred frequently in the Jiajing Dynasty, and many of the cities were damaged by them. Under the threat of aggression, the defense capability of the various cities was gradually strengthened through successive redevelopments, but many of them were particularly slow. After the mid-Wanli period, the redevelopment of the city was seldom carried out. In the Chongzhen period, the redevelopment of the city was carried out in many parts of Huguang. But it will be difficult to protect the Daming mountains that will be overthrown.
Huguang in the Ming Dynasty has different sizes and regulations, which can be divided into three types: prefectural and county-built city, Miao independent sanctuary city and inspection department, sentry castle and other small garrison city. In addition, they can also be divided into earthen city and brick, stone city. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, brick construction around the city, stone city is becoming more and more popular. Important factors, sergeants, merchants and the growing threat of pirates are the main reasons for the expansion of the city, and convenience, transportation, geomantic omen and security considerations are the main factors affecting the gates.
The defense system of the city pools is composed of the city walls as the main body, the city gates, the city towers, the pheasant towers, the cascade towers, the enemy's platform, the nests and other ancillary facilities. Many natural disasters mainly caused by floods are harmful to the city pools. Strengthening the city's flood prevention and drainage and other disasters makes the ability to resist disasters an important part of the city construction. The important public facilities and the main components of the city's external environment, the city and its parts are often given special significance by local officials and people from the political, people's livelihood, geomantic omen, urban landscape and other aspects, and are transformed and utilized in various ways, thus having other special functions besides the defensive function.
In the early Ming Dynasty, most of Huguang's cities were built mainly by garrisoned officers and soldiers, but not by civilians; after the mid-Ming Dynasty, the sanctuary declined gradually, and the local government and the people became the main force to bear the labor and funds for the city's construction. Noodles, bricks and tiles, lime, etc. are mostly fired in kilns, wood and stone are mostly mined by manpower, reflecting the fact that the production and circulation of building materials in the Ming Dynasty were still undeveloped. On the other hand, the construction of a city requires the concerted efforts of the government and the people, which has the unique functions of integrating social forces, maintaining the relationship between the government and the people, and stabilizing local order.
In the end of the Ming Dynasty, although there were many activities to build cities, most of them were threatened by the aggressors, and the pressure was forced to do so. Officials and civilians were comfortable and slack in building cities, which was a common situation in all parts of the country. It is common practice for people to regard the city construction as labor and injury to their wealth. All these subjective and objective disadvantages interact with each other, which constitutes a serious obstacle to the city construction activities.
Taking the height of the city wall and the establishment of the enemy and Taiwan as the yardsticks, the defense capability of Huguang City Pool is obviously inferior to that of Shanxi and the southeast coastal areas. This is the hinterland. The important frontier defense areas have different status in the national military defense pattern. The financial crisis of the central and local governments was aggravated. Under the predicament of heavy taxation and numerous support, the local public affairs were all in a dilemma, and the inactive construction of the city was just one end of it.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K248
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